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My ultra hardcore recycling guide for our house

Hi all,
I've been putting together info for how to recycle in Tucson while leveraging all the recycling options that are open to me: curbside, the city's upcoming glass drop-off, local and mail-in corporate-sponsored, and TerraCycle (a paid option). I aim to reuse or recycle every last bit of waste coming out of our house, no matter how crazy it may seem. Partly I just want to see how difficult it is; I recognize that my process isn't practical for most people.
Anyway, here's what I've gathered so far.

General principles

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  1. COMPOST: If it can be composted, compost it! (More on this below.)
  2. REUSE: If it can't be composted, reuse it! Reuse is always the most environmentally-friendly option.
  3. DONATE: If it can't be reused by you, donate it if it's something worth donating that someone else could use. https://tucsoncleanandbeautiful.org/ has a great directory for places that will accept various materials. Cero is a Tucson store that also accepts lots of stuff for donation and reuse. Donation usually involves transportation and some kind of carbon emissions, but it's still better than recycling. Don't donate junk! Donations aren't a free trash can.
  4. MUNICIPAL RECYCLING: If it can't be donated, recycle it locally using municipal recycling (curbside or drop-off). Recycle Coach has all the info you need on what municipal recycling can or can't recycle. ESGD's page on residential recycling also has some important guidelines. Recycling uses energy and involves carbon-emitting transport, plus not everything in a recycling waste stream actually gets recycled, so try to reuse first.
  5. LOCAL STORE DROP-OFF: If it can't be recycled using municipal recycling, recycle it at a local store for free. Earth911 has a search page that finds these stores and breaks them down by type, and TerraCycle's corporate-sponsored programs page also has some local programs. These programs typically ship their waste to a recycling partner, often TerraCycle in New Jersey, which adds to the environmental footprint of the process, so try to recycle municipally first.
  6. FREE MAIL-IN: If it can't be recycled at a local store, use one of TerraCycle's free corporate-sponsored mail-in programs. These programs end up sending waste TerraCycle, just like the local store drop-offs, but are arguably less efficient than sending a big communal batch of stuff, so try to use the local store drop-offs first.
  7. TERRACYCLE (PAID): If it can't be recycled using a mail-in program, use a paid all-in-one box to have TerraCycle recycle it if it's small and light. This is effectively the same as using one of the mail-in options above except that you have to pay, so try to use a mail-in program first.
  8. REGIONAL DROP-OFF: If it's a big bulky waste that can't be donated, see if it can be recycled outside of Tucson (e.g., save up Styrofoam for the next time I drive to Phoenix, where they do have the appropriate facilities). TerraCycle accepts almost anything, but their all-in-one boxes are pricey, so it may make more sense to save up big hard-to-recycle stuff like packaging for Phoenix or another big city, if you think you'll drive there at some point. Don't make unnecessary trips just to drop off waste!
  9. TRASH: If it can't be composted, reused, donated or recycled, throw it away and make sure that you follow the guidelines for hazardous waste disposal.
  10. GOLDEN RULE #1: Make sure that the material is clean. Clean waste streams are more valuable to recyclers, which helps keep costs down. Don't use too much water cleaning up stuff, but don't feel too guilty about using water, either! Dishwater usage is a tiny sliver of household water consumption, not to mention that industry and agriculture generally use much more water than homes.
  11. GOLDEN RULE #2: The goal of recycling is to break down your waste into "primary materials" (e.g., plastic, metal, paper, glass) that can be used by industry to make new products. The more mixed your materials, the more you need to research how to recycle it. Knowing the basics goes a long way. For example, I know that metal cans get melted down, so a paper or plastic label attached to the can doesn't worry me because I know that it will get burned off. But what about a milk carton, which is paper fused with plastic? Or the circuitry inside the plastic base of a CFL bulb? If you can't intuitively explain how the thing is going to get broken down into its primary materials, that's your cue that you need to do some research.
  12. GOLDEN RULE #3: Knowing the basics of how recycling centers work goes a long way. For example, if you know that you can't recycle plastic grocery bags curbside because they get stuck in the machines, that's a hint that you shouldn't try to recycle your plastic food wrap, either. Or if you know that plastic bottle caps fall through the holes of a separator, that's a hint that you need to research whether your beer bottle caps are recyclable (even though they're metal).
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Reuse and recycling guide for my home

This is not a comprehensive list of every recycling resource in Tucson, this is just for my house my household's needs. I've found that there's no one-size-fits-all solution if you want to reach close to 100% recycling/reuse, you end up having to come up with a list that's customized for your home, which requires research. I'm providing my list as a potential template as well as for inspiration.
Legend:
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How do I sort all this?

Right now, I'm using a makeshift system of lots and lots of bags to keep everything separate. My idea is to do a monthly "recycling day" and drop off everything that needs to be dropped off as well as mail in everything that needs to be mailed in. I haven't had to do this yet since I started this project.
I hope to build a sorting station in my house once I understand my needs a bit better.
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Notes on TerraCycle and partner programs

A lot of the corporate-sponsored/mail-in/drop-off programs are done through TerraCycle, a New Jersey-based recycler that specializes in recycling hard-to-recycle things (e.g., potato chip bags, toothbrushes). They make lots of their money through large corporations, which essentially pay them to process unprofitable waste in order to burnish their environmental stewardship bona fides. They also offer paid recycling pouches and boxes to the general public. You mail in these pouches/boxes (they come with a shipping label) after filling them up with recyclable waste.
TerraCycle will recycle almost anything and everything. However, anything that gets recycled through them or one of their corporate programs is shipped to New Jersey for processing, so it's preferable to reuse or recycle locally. They're also not as transparent as I wish they would be. I'm not certain, for example, how much of each waste stream actually gets recycled. They have a customer support contact form that's been very good for getting my questions answered, but beware that they take about 2-3 days to get back to you per request.
I bought the large "all-in-one" box from their site and found a coupon code online to bring the cost down to around $350. I read a review elsewhere from someone who got a medium box (about 50% the size) who said that it lasted her six months. My idea is to use this box as "recycling of last resort" and rely on drop-off programs as much as possible to keep costs down. On the other hand, this makes my life more complicated in terms of sorting different waste streams, so you could simplify by putting waste destined for various drop-off points into a single TerraCycle all-in-one box.
You need to register for free on their website to use their mail-in programs. Many of their mail-in programs unfortunately have wait lists. Of the ~15 programs for which I signed up around two weeks ago, about 8 had wait lists, and I got off the wait list for about 5 of them. So they seem to go through the list pretty regularly. Once you're in, you can print off a free UPS label from the "my profile" section of the site after logging in.
If I had to take a wild guess, I would assume that TerraCycle has a higher rate of recycling than municipal programs, but this must be balanced against the financial and environmental cost of shipping waste to their facilities.
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Composting

The Achilles' heel in my recycling and reuse plan is organic matter. The City of Tucson has a composting program but it's only open to businesses.
There are a few volunteer-run programs here and there that accept compostable waste. I managed to sign up for one, UA's Compost Cats, and will be meeting them tomorrow to pick up my sealed composting bucket and go over the program rules. I know that they have limited capacity, so you have to email them. They took about a week to get back to me.
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Am I insane?

Maybe a little 🙃.
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Shout outs

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submitted by Low_Walrus to Tucson [link] [comments]

The Racist Origins and Painful Legacy of Atlanta's Zoning

I'm going to start this post off with a few disclaimers:
  1. A good amount of my information comes from The Color of Law, by Richard Rothstein. I tried to find as many direct sources for the relevant topics brought up in the book as I could, but they weren't always readily availible. I highly encourage you to read the book itself if you want more details and his sources.
  2. While I am going to try to use Atlanta-specific information as much as possible, there are some things that I can only provide evidence for in general, not to mention that I have to discuss this with the wider national historical context as well since Atlanta was but one part of a massive racist horror show.
  3. I am by no means claiming to be an expert on this material. It's just what I have the most supporting information already at had for. Again, if you want to read more details from someone who spent much more time researching than I have, pick up a copy of The Color of Law.
  4. I am by no means claiming that fixing zoning will be the end-all-be-all of segregation legacy, nor that it will singularly solve disparities for minority populations compared to white populations within the city. Undoing the sheer scale of bullshit put in place to codify segregation and racial suppression as it manifests today is an undertaking requiring effort on par with something like the Green New Deal (coincidentally, there can be quite a lot of overlap in with a GND, and that's why climate and social justice are so often packaged with various versions of a GND). Fixing the legacy of racist zoning's impacts is just one part to an incredibly complex system, but it's still one worthy of doing. Gotta start somewhere, right?
Alright, on to the main content... Buckle up kiddos, we're going for a fuckin ride!

Why the Fuck are you Talking About Zoning Right Now‽

The country is, to use an incredible amount of understatement, in a bit of a pickle right now. We're in the midst of a global pandemic that's surging, and resurging within our borders. We're reeling at a seemingly never ending parade of tragedy and failure of composure from the very police forces sworn to protect us. We're dealing with an ever escalating push back and response from a federal government that is attempting to label protesters as terrorists. We've had impeachments, assassinations of foreign political operatives, the emboldenment of out-and-loud racists, foreign bounties on our military, historic Supreme Court decisions, and record stock market crashes. We're staring down the barrel of a depression, and there's a looming climate catastrophe that's been burning in the background of all of this.
So why, in the middle of all of this, am I bringing up zoning of all things? How could that possibly be relevant to any of this?
Well... as it turns out... quite a bit. See, zoning is one of those core functions of government, generally on the local level but not always, that just kinda exists. It's a long, boring, complicated mess of legal code that just doesn't come up all that often in our every day discussions (unless you're a nerd like me who keeps trying to shove it into every conversation... ahem...).
No matter how innocuous or intangible or boring zoning may feel, though, it actually has massive ramifications for how our build environment is shaped. That is literally its job, after all: codifying what is and isn't allowed to be built, where, and how. That build environment then has massive ramifications on a whole pile of social, economic, and environmental issues.
A good zoning code balances public desires for safety, health, and environmental protections, while also helping to ensure various amenities are provided, ideally outweighing any downsides of development with benefits to the community at large. Unfortunately, most zoning systems fail at this balance, often focusing on the wrong components as perceived negatives when they're actually benefits, while codifying build requirements that actively make things worse for the communities around them. A bad zoning code can make housing more expensive, make it harder to meet climate and environmental goals, make the general population more sickly, impede the ability of persons to generate generational wealth, and horrendously damage the tax base, making it harder to fund public projects.
As it turns out, most of these issues trace back to a few core ideas of the initial model zoning systems, and were originally put in as features of the codes. The intent at the time was mainly focused on creating a few specific negative outcomes, with many of the others having taken decades to fully manifest and be recognized. Yet, the original structure of the codes remain, bureaucratic momentum and an incomplete understanding of justice keeping them in place, dragging out the problems for years and years and years.
So what were those features, and what specific negative outcomes were they trying to achieve?

Setting the Stage for Segregation

First, we have to step back, and take a bit of a historical run up to provide proper context.
In 1877, Reconstruction ended. Federal troops, who had defeated the Confederacy, packed up and left the south after 12 years of postbellum occupation (14 if you include overlap years of occupation before the war's end). Reconstruction, though certainly not perfect, had been a time of relative empowerment for black Americans. Backed by federal troops, integration and political power was actually in reach. It wasn't 40-acres and a mule, but it was an incredible leap forward as the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were enforced in about as blunt a way as possible: at the muzzle of a rifle. That all came to a painful and tragic end with the election of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had promised southern Democrats the end of occupation in exchange for electoral support.
Almost immediately, black Americans suffered a bloody, violent resurgence of oppression, with segregation becoming standard practice, and enforced both at the hands of local law enforcement and mobs of white Americans. Worse yet, as Jim Crow laws and their efforts anchored themselves across the south, previously diverse and inclusive (relatively speaking) parts of the country began to follow suit. All over, towns and cities undertook the effort of removing, or isolating their black populations, using similar tactics learned from the southern states.
Like a cancer, segregation spread far and wide, becoming more and more recognized and acceptable. By 1913, freshly elected president Woodrow Wilson and his cabinet approved the implementation of segregation in federal offices, marking about as drastic a change in federal priority as you could take over the course of three and a half decades.
It is in this atmosphere of invigorated racist bullshit that zoning rises within the policy consciousness.

The Original Sin of Zoning

As a concept, zoning ordinances within the U.S. were rather new, with the 1908 Los Angeles municipal zoning ordinances being the first of their kind. The LA laws were a formalizing of existing nuisance laws, meant to create separations of land use and buffers between the harmful effects of industries and residences. Though specific business classifications (such as unnecessary prohibition of laundries, which were predominantly owned by Chinese immigrants at the time, in certain areas) did come with racial issues, they were quite tame by the standards of the time, as we're about to see.
Prior to the rise of zoning as a popular government effort, it was fairly rare to see actual legal code dedicated towards segregation, instead focusing efforts on government-endorsed vigilantism and governments not enforcing equality laws already in place. This began to change, however. In 1910, a few years before the federal government would make official its office segregation, and two years after the LA zoning system was established, Baltimore became the first city in the nation, (as stated by the New York Times), to create an explicit law mandating the segregation of city areas. The city ordinance dictated that blacks could not buy homes on blocks where whites were the majority, and vice versa. The law was... horribly broken, and judges had to grapple with the complex, integrated reality of the city, trying to adjudicate who could and couldn't live where, or buy property where, creating an incredible mess of legal issues across the city.
The practical problems with the law did not stop other cities from copying the effort, though. Invigorated by Baltimore's example, Birmingham, Dade County (Miami), Charleston, Dallas, Louisville, New Orleans, Oklahoma City, Richmond, St. Louis, and others all made their own version of racial segregaition mandates within landuse. Amungst this list was, in fact, the City of Atlanta, whose ordinance virtually copied the Baltimore law, with the added provision that a person of one color occupying a house in a mixed block could object to one of another color moving next door.
Unlike the initial LA zoning laws, the systems put in place following Baltimore's example were specifically racially focused, with more familiar zoning laws taking shape in the years to come. These initial racist laws would persist until the 1917 Supreme Court decision that such laws were unconstitutional in Buchanan v. Warley. However... the decision was based around the freedom of individuals to buy and sell property to whomever they wished, rather than a denunciation of segregation within law itself. Many cities simply ignored the Supreme Court ruling, and moved ahead with their segregationist laws, while others claimed that slight variations in the ordinances, such as the difference between block level and larger zoning styles, meant they didn't have to follow the ruling.
The City of Atlanta was, once again, one of these cities. In The Atlanta Zone Plan: Report Outlining a Tentative Zone Plan for Atlanta (1922), written by Robert H. Whitten as a consultant for the the City Planning Commission, explicit residential districts were outlined by racial makeup, with R1 as "white residence district", R2 as "colored residence district", and R3 as "undetermined race district". It was nice enough to allow servants' quarters remain open to either race. The plan justifies this by saying:
the above race zoning is essential in the interest of the public peace, order and security and will promote the welfare and prosperity of both the white and colored race.
Additionally, Whitten defended his zoning plan in professional publications by saying that "[e]stablishing colored residence districts has removed one of the most potent causes of race conflict." This, he added, was "a sufficient justification for race zoning.... A reasonable segregation is normal, inevitable and desirable."
Here is a map of the proposed zoning system within the then city limits. You can get an idea of just how limited housing areas for blacks were, just how much of the city was to be dedicated to single family housing compared to apartments, and how relegated commercial uses would be. Incidentally enough, this is where the City of Atlanta begins to see a zoning code similar to modern codes. We'll get to that in a moment. For now, note how closely this map matches some of the racial demographics of the city today, oh, and (just coincidentally I'm sure) how the largest 'Colored District' in the city was to be essentially bordered on three sides by industrial areas. Other zoning maps from the same time would go further with encroaching industrial zones, limiting colored areas, and limiting apartment areas.
Can I just take a moment to say how much I fucking love the Atlanta History Center and its archives? Okay, moving on.
At the same time that Atlanta was ignoring its constitutional duty to not segregate its people, the federal government was stepping into the zoning game. In 1921, then Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover organized an Advisory Committee on Zoning to develop a manual explaining why every municipality should develop a zoning ordinance, with an eventual goal of developing model legislation that could be easily adopted. This committee had such members as Frederick Law Olmsted, who argued in 1918 that not only were certain housing types "coincident with racial divisions", and, since it was undesirable to "force the mingling of people who are not yet ready to mingle", great care should be take not to mix housing types, and Irving B. Hiett, who was the president of the National Association of Real Estate Boards, an organization who would produce a code of realtor ethics stating that "A Realtor should never be instrumental in introducing into a neighborhood... members of any race or nationality... detrimental to property values" just a few years later. By 1922, the committee had developed A Zoning Primer, which argued that zoning was required to preserve property values, and which was widely distributed across the country. The policies would push out wide and far across the nation, following the federal government's example.

Pretending as if Racist Plans Aren't

In 1924, the Georgia Supreme Court struck down the City of Atlanta zoning code due to its racial components. Despite this, the underlying plan and map developed with segregation in mind, would act as the basis for future plans. Indeed, there are many overlaps with the 1922 plan, and even zoning designations today.
Keep Whitten's and the Zoning Commission's mentalities concerning the importance of racial segregation when looking back through the rest of the initial Atlanta zoning proposal. It provides leading anecdotes (without apparent supporting evidence beyond some photographs that don't really seem to match the narrative) of the dangers of mixing small stores, and low-rise multi-family housing with lower densities, primarily focusing on the perceived loss of value of adjacent properties, while framing the persons who make such developments as greedy speculators only out for a quick buck (rather than look at the economic benefit to the store owner, the new access to the store that surrounding areas get, and the housing relief the apartment dwellers experience).
Still without apparent evidence, the proposal makes sweeping, generalized statements about the need to preserve neighborhoods' character, and preserve property values. It proposes to do this by dividing the city into use, height, area, and race categories, with each mixing with the others to dictate specific allowances. The racial categories were removed, yet the remainder of the plan's suggestions would persist.
Even in 1917 it was understood that density was a major component of affordability. Special City Plan Adviser for the City Plan Commission of Cleveland Ohio Robert H. Whitten's essay The Zoning of Residence Sections, where Olmsted argued the merits of preventing the mixing of people and their racially pre-dis-positioned housing preferences, outright states:
We want to distribute the population as much as practicable, but at the same time we do not wish to force people who for business or other reasons need to live close to the central business sections either to pay very high rents or to go to much less convenient locations. As a city reaches metropolitan size, the demand for housing space near the central area becomes so great that the only way to make that location available to any but the wealthy is to permit a more intensive utilization of the land. Were it not for the ability to pile one dwelling on top of another, rents would be prohibitive in these central locations for the great mass of the people.
Even while expounding on the virtues of low-density housing, Whitten takes effort to acknowledge the economic need for multi-family housing to maintain affordability. Yeah, it's done in a condescending way where he can only imagine a case where being adjacent to the central business district is a legitimate reason for housing density, but he at least still accepts it as reality.
Yet, dwelling house districts, from which apartment houses would be excluded, were to include the larger portion of the area of Atlanta, and were to primarily be made up of the largest area class, requiring at least 5000 sqft per family of lot area. The code outright targets 2-3 story buildings with families living over a store (generally which they would operate) as being undesirable, and thus is explicitly designed to prevent such outcomes. All of these things drove up the per-house price, requiring a family to pay for a significant amount of land, as well as an individual house, in the majority of the city's residential area. In the maps I linked above, you can see just how few areas were allowed to have apartments compared to the wider single-family zones.
The federal zoning primer includes similar sentiments, telling an anecdote of how an apartment house built next to a home would destroy values by becoming 'a giant airless hive, housing human beings like crowded bees', as well as lumping 'sporadic stores' in with 'factories or junk yards' as a contributing factor of blight within a residential neighborhood.
It's important to note that none of these codes tried to make improvements to living conditions through legislation like building codes, which could have helped prevent the squalor conditions that were so readily associated with apartments, and which had been present in the U.S. since at least 1859, in Baltimore, choosing instead to essentially quarantine apartments to prevent their spread into single family areas.
As I laid out above, these are all value judgements made by people who viewed the mixing of races as something to avoid, as something that itself would contribute to a loss of property values (rather than recognize that self-fulfilling white panic, was the actual source of value drop, and that the constrained black populations were willing to pay higher prices because there were so few homes they could even get into, actually raising prices), and even made racial connections to types of housing to keep separated. But, because of the insistence of the courts, their policies were forced to take on an air of race neutrality. Thus, explicit race-based zoning was stripped from the codes, and the far more familiar forms of space and use based zoning were established. Those forms just so happen to harshly restrict the kinds of housing openly accepted as being affordable to the masses, and, in particular, the demographics of people who were least economically able to choose elsewhere.
As the federal zoning primer said: Zoning Is Legal
This is not to say that exclusionary zoning was not without its legal challenges, of course. In the 1926 Supreme Court case of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365, the court upheld the constitutionality of exclusionary zoning, using as part of its opinion the argument that "very often the apartment house is a mere parasite", and that, if allowed to mix with single-family houses, "come very near to being nuisances". The case was brought to the Supreme Court as an appeal to a U.S. District Court of Ohio ruling against the constitutionality of exclusionary zoning, stating that "the blighting of property values and the congesting of the population, whenever the colored or certain foreign races invade a residential section, are so well known as to be within the judicial cognizance." Essentially, while the Supreme Court decided that exclusionary zoning was based on inherit issues with mixing building types (even though 1) the issues aren't inherit, and 2) the exclusion argument is based on a slippery slope fallacy), the District Court had (correctly) identified an underlying racial motivation for preventing mixing.

When the Pretending Becomes More Overt

Were all else equal, we might be able to ignore the initial racial components of exclusionary zoning, and merely call the resulting codes classist (the reality is that racism and classism were/are tightly intertwined, with each giving perceived justification to the other), but things weren't equal. The median household income for a black family in 1947 (the earliest year I could actually find data) was just 51% of a white household (it was only up to ~63% in 2018). Even though modern discussion around apartments tends to bemoan the 'luxury' branding, and how accurate it may or may not be, the hard reality is that living in an apartment is cheaper than buying a house, at least in the immediate. For lower income people, it's pretty much the only option. For poor, and thus disproportionately black, people, the primary need for housing affordability was in the form of apartment buildings and residential density, even if that was only desired as a stepping stone. But that's not what the zoning system provided.
Overwhelmingly, the city's land was designated for single family homes. Large lots, and individual homes drive up the per-unit costs of housing, locking poorer people out of being able to buy into neighborhoods. Worse yet would be the zoning systems of suburban and smaller towns, which would eliminate the ability to build apartments all together, essentially locking lower income, and thus disproportionately black, persons from being able to relocate there at all. This lead to crowding in the limited apartments, and, since the building codes hadn't been adequately updated to actually prevent it, the very slum conditions used as a justification for preventing apartments in the first place became self-fulfilling.
Of course, not all black people were so poor that they couldn't afford to buy a single-family home, and quite a few did look to leave the limited availability of apartments. They were not met well, and indeed, in the years following the installation of exclusionary zoning systems, the federal government would essentially codify black exclusion from single-family neighborhoods, with cities clinging to the federal policies as justification for blocking black and integrated housing.
Property (particularly home) mortgages used to be very, very different than how we think of them today, which locked many people out of the ability to get them. High-interest rates, huge down-payments, interest-only payments, and short (5-7 year) payback periods. These terms kept middle and low class persons (of all races) from being able to afford to buy property. As part of the New Deal, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation was established. The loan system was restructured to be closer to the lower rates, lower down-payments, overall payment, and long-term periods we're more familiar with today. Additionally, many existing mortgages were bought and restructured to save property owners from foreclosure.
In the process of this, though, HOLC wanted an inventory of risk across the nation, so it could manage these new loan terms without crippling itself financially. This is where the kinda okay policy stopped. The risk inventory was carried out by local real estate agencies, who had national ethics codes and local policies for their agents to explicitly consider race when evaluating risk. So much so that they were actually under direction to maintain community segregation when otherwise selling properties. The inventory took the form of color-coded maps, where red sections on the map represented high-risk (don't loan people money / bail them out here). Many, many of these red areas were based on racial prejudice, with even wealthy / middle class integrated or black communities being rated far worse than equivalent income white areas.
Here is a database of maps across the U.S., overlaid against modern areas. Here's a fun game: compare the Redlining Map for Atlanta to the initial racial zoning map! No it's not a 1-1 match, but it gets awfully close, particularly if you start to include initially designated areas for apartment buildings.
This entire mess was made even worse with the establishment of the Federal Housing Authority, which was intended to insure private bank loans to first-time home buyers. Even though the FHA had its own auditing system separate from the HOLC, it still had direct segregation and whites-only policies. Additionally the FHA very specifically did not insure mortgages within urban centers. This meant that both HOLC and FHA services were denied to nearly the same areas: black or integrated neighborhoods, most often in urban centers.
The FHA justified its racial rules by claiming that black people ruined property values. This was actually backwards, as the limited options available to black people meant that black and integrated properties were in high demand, and thus could be sold at a much higher price. What did happen, though, was 'block-busting'. So, because the FHA (and other organizations) continuously sold the idea that black people ruined property values, as well as the base-level racism, this left white neighborhoods vulnerable to manipulation. Speculators would buy up properties in blocks on the border of black / integrated and white areas, and then rent / sell them to black people. These speculators would also hire black people to walk around white neighborhoods asking about home sales, and looking like they lived there. Then the speculators would go around warning white property owners that their housing values would tank with all the black people moving in, and make stupidly low offers, buying out white properties well below the actual value (this is where the FHA was getting its data). Then the speculators would turn around and, because there were so few other options, sell the same properties above their actual value to black people at bad rates. This drove up costs for black people who otherwise just wanted a home, and the high prices contributed to perpetuating poverty and again creating self-fulfilling slum conditions.
Many cities, private lenders, and other government agencies (like Veterans Affairs) anchored their lending and development approval processes on the FHA backing of home loans, which meant that blacks were barred from even the opportunity to really leave parts of the city within which they lived.
It's worth reiterating that the HOLC and FHA policies were targeted directly at owning private homes, working off of a national policy that private homes were less communist than apartments. No, I'm not kidding. The U.S. Department of Labor distributed pamphlets entitled We Own Our Own Home to schoolchildren stating that it was a "patriotic duty" to cease renting, and to buy a house. Millions of posters were printed, and hung in factories and other businesses, while newspaper ads were run throughout the country. This national housing direction propped up single-family residences, and the infrastructure to support them, while leaving pretty much everything else to languish.
Then there were the racial covenants, where individual properties were made unavailable to black people by deed restrictions, and which were often implimented on neighborhood scales.
Then there was the New-Deal, where the Civilian Conservation Corps abided by local segregation policies for its camps and worker housing, further entrenching local segregation.
Then there was the issue of cities targeting black and low-income areas overwhelmingly with zoning variances for industry and toxic waste disposal sites, exposing those persons to much higher quantities of toxins and pollutants.
Then there was public housing which eliminated mixed-income tenants, was often explicitly segregated, often resisted adding housing for black people, and, when they did add housing open to blacks, located overwhelmingly in already black and poor neighborhoods, effectively concentrating poverty and increasing segregation.
Then there were Interstate Highways, which were explicitly used for 'slum clearing' in many cities (including defining slum based on racial makeup rather than socioeconomic status of the persons living there), which were massive transportation subsidies to the very same segregated low-density suburbs already built with federal loan backing while public transportation languished, and which were actually used as physical barriers between parts of the city.
Frankly, the list kinda just keeps going, and so I'm not going to try and fit it all. Seriously, go read the Color of Law for more explicit details. My main point with all of these is that, when you combine the initial versions of the zoning codes, the opinions of the people who made them, and the wider reactions and policies that came after the codes proved not to 100% segregate black people from white people, it becomes clear that a major component of the zoning system was established not actually to prevent health or value issues, but rather to maintain the separation of races.

That was a lot of words...

Right, so here's the summary:
  1. After a decade of relative progress, the federal government abandons Reconstruction
  2. Almost immediately, communities, including previously inclusive ones, begin to force their black populations out in a renewed effort of segregation
  3. At first this is done outside of the law, but eventually cities get the idea to literally codify segregation through ordinances
  4. That codified segregation was struck down in the Supreme Court, so cities are forced to find a proxy method of enforcing segregation
  5. Cities used the separating of mixed-use developments and multi-family apartment buildings to create racial segregation through the proxy of economic segregation
  6. When this doesn't work 100%, the federal government established home mortgage support systems that directly excluded black people, preventing them from buying into single-family neighborhoods even if they could afford it
  7. There was a lot of other shit that happened to basically show that zoning was not the unbiased system it was pretending to be

Persistence of bad policy

Even though many of the explicitly racist policies have been removed or overturned, and what progress there has been in raising the wealth of black persons has helped with some racial mixing, it's clear that the proxy methods for discrimination persist to this day, with visible segregaition outcomes. Even when we do see integration, it is often in the form of wealthy white people moving into the limited new developments allowed in previously majority black areas (AKA 'Gentrification').
Today, Atlanta is still overwhelmingly zoned for low-density, single-family residential, even if some of those zones allow up to Accessory Dwelling Units (such density, much urban). Lot sizes in much of the city are still mandated to be quite large, and height planes still overly limit the number of stories buildings can be. What apartment buildings are allowed are constrained by cumbersome parking requirements (both codified and required by private lenders), and property setbacks. Mixed uses are often restrained on individual properties, requiring a specific zoning designation to be allowed. Even the city's plan for handling future growth still relegates nearly 75% of the area to relatively low-density housing as 'conservation' areas.
Metro-wide, not nearly as many homes are being built as were pre-recession. While home prices are increasing back to pre-recessionary levels, housing inventory in metro Atlanta is constrained – partially due to a lag in residential construction. Prior to the recession, it was not uncommon for residential building permits to exceed 5,000 per month (in some cases, reaching over 7,000). After May 2007, the region experienced a steep decline in residential building permits, which persisted into early 2012, when the region began seeing modest increases. Though residential permits have trended upward since 2012, they have yet to reach pre-recessional levels, hovering instead between 2,000 and 3,000 permits per month. Because of this, all counties in metro Atlanta are experiencing the a decline in housing inventory. One of the main summary points of that report was: "Home prices rising significantly – faster than wages – due in large part to dwindling supply" ARC Regional Snapshot: Affordable Housing While the metro itself has been pretty easy to build new housing within (atleast from 2000 to 2015) compared to other metros, the parts of the city and close-in suburbs tend to be the hardest within which to add new supplly (of the 10 hardest zipcodes to build, the top 3 were partially in the city, and another three were in or partly in the city).
Indeed, inflation-adjusted housing prices are rising quite quickly in the Atlanta Metro, even including months during this pandemic. Prices are looking to pass pre-2008 peak in 2023ish. Only, this time, vacancy rates for both renters and homeowners have been nearly at all-time lows for the metro (Source: Census Bureau). Many of the most intense price increases happening within the core city.
At the same time, affordable housing initiatives are proving to be far too few to handle the rising costs, with recent 'Inclusionary Zoning' rules, as well as the wider public housing program failing to close the need. We're talking programs considering themselves successful at a few thousand units, when the demand for affordable housing (let alone total housing) is in the hundreds of thousands.
The simple reality is that the racism of our past is leading to an over-all affordability crisis today. While, as usual, the hardest hit are African Americans, this affordability crisis has far reaching impacts across the demographic spectrum, including poor whites, and, particularly, poor Latino populations as well, locking out a wide variety of people who would otherwise want to live in the kinds of dense, walkable, urban areas the City of Atlanta uniquely offers within the metro.
Not only that, but the very types of low-density developments so widely codified across the city and nation do not generate enough economic activity to actually pay for the infrastructure needed to support them, propped up by piles of hidden subsidies, all resulting in cities being effectively bankrupt. (Here's another real-world example) Even some of the most 'wealthy' of towns are having to seriously reconsider their historic development patterns to close out financial gaps. In Atlanta, this leads to things like a massive backlog of maintenance issues that even recent bonds and tax increases can't fully handle. Again, policies of a racist past are hurting everyone today. Undoing those policies, and transitioning back to tried-and-true development styles would greatly help fix financial issues.
Additionally, as we work to overcome challenges with climate as a whole, we need to be seriously looking at our build environments, and just how much low-density development contributes to emissions compared to higher-density parts of the metro, and even the city itself. At the same time, moving away from cars would help reduce respiratory issues for poor and minority persons who are disproportionately affected by road-pollution, and generally moving to cleaner industries while cleaning up legacy pollution sites can help undo the years of inequality through industrial exposure..

Okay, so what do we do?

We need to have a hard discussion about zoning policies: their origins, their purposes, and their effects. We need to be prepared to recognize when policies were built on hate, and where they have lead to harm, just as much as we need to be ready to recognize that not every aspect of the zoning system is bad. We need to be willing to change, and be proactive about fixing the failings of previous generations. Ideally for the net benefit of all of us.
As part of this discussion, though, we are going to have to really, truly consider what 'character' of this city are valuable. What are tangible goals, what are the potential negative outcomes, and what can be done to mitigate those outcomes, ideally while actually adding to the 'character' of the city. Again, we needs to be willing to change here. Not everything wrapped under the broad umbrella of 'character' is actually worth keeping, particularly given how I could probably copy and paste some of the 'neighborhood character' arguments from the initial racial zoning codes into places like NextDoor or Facebook or even here on Reddit without anyone suspecting they are nearly 100 years old.

The End!

Holy shit! You made it to the end! Thanks for putting up with so, so many words... Here's a video of a little girl way too excited to get on a train as a reward.
submitted by killroy200 to Atlanta [link] [comments]

Entitled sister takes all my parents money, puts my dement mom deep into dept and then tells me that I am greedy and mentally ill

So, this is my second post here. It is very very long. This time it is about my entitled sister (ES). She has a diagnosed borderline disorder, so I don´t know whether she is really entitled or just mentally ill.
I am 44 years old (F). My sister is 1,5 years younger than me. As children we went along very well. When she became a teenager, the problems started. Her puberty was very hard, including drinking, stealing and taking drugs. Later, with about 15 years, she could change school and found a group of friends there, and everything went well, so we thought. Later She did a two years training for a high-qualified medical job and generally was on a good way. As both my sister and I had experienced bad abuse by our grandfather, my parents apparently felt guilty and gave my sister everything she demanded. I guess I could also have gotten everything I wanted, but I didn´t want.
I started to work when I was 18 and moved out to live in my own apartment when I was 19. I did not have much money and often had to struggle a lot. ES became very self-centered. She was 18 and still did the medical job training. My parents had a house with two apartments, and ES moved into one of the apartments. She had a living room, a kitchen, a bedroom, a bathroom and a big room as atelier because she was painting and sewing as a hobby. My parents paid all that. They gave her the apartment, they paid her car, they gave her pocket money, money for clothes and even paid her holidays with friends in France.I was living in our capital city then with exceedingly high costs for living and decided I would also find a job near my parents home and move in again to save some money for a special training that was a dream of mine. My parents were happy to have me back and thought that my sister and I could share that second apartment, as it was so big. Before ES sister moved in, a family with 3 people had been living there. I asked ES if she could please empty the atelier, as I wanted to move in. She refused. She said it was HER apartment (even though she did not pay one cent rent for it) and she could not tolerate anyone living in her privacy. I was annoyed but kept my peace and moved into my parents apartmen, back into my old small children´s room.
I went to work, ES did her training and resided like a queen upstairs and did what she wanted. I had brought two elaborate dresses with me. One I only used for stuff like concerts and posh events. As I rarely go to such events, I did not use that dress very often. The other dress I had bought for Medieval markets. There is such an medieval event in the neighbour town every two years. so I also did not wear that dress very often. The medieval event came, and I wanted to take my dress, but the dress had vanished, together with my dress for concerts. I kept looking for the dresses and eventually asked ES where my dresses were. She just shrugged and told me: "You don´t wear them. So I took them and cut them and altered them and made dresses for my best friend from them." I was shocked and shouted: "You did what??" She looked at me with big eyes, pretending not to understand my rage. She said: "You don´t wear them. I have neer seen you wearing the dresses, so I took them." She seemed to be perfectly at ease with that. She had not awareness of doing crap. Everything had to be about her. She did not recognize or respect boundaries. Once, as a teenager, she cleaned her room and threw everything that she had not use for into my room. She told me I could get what I wanted and get rid of the rest.
She got to know a man from Nigeria and 6 weeks later decided to marry him. We all told her that a relationship needs longer to develop and that she should wait. She told us we were rassists and would begrudge her happyness. As the guy had come as refugee with a false name, she had to get married in Nigeria. Again, my parents paid everything: the travel to Nigeria, the wedding, and the huge bribe to get him out of his country legally. Things with him went rather well, as he found a job, and they moved out and away to a big city. I moved up to her apartment, and I paid rent to my parents. Not much, but was utilities and far more, and I paid my own food and car. When ES had moved out she had taken everything she needed and just left all garbage and all the stuff she did not want any longer. ES is a hoarder, like my father was, and very messy, so I spent the first days decluttering and cleaning the apartment. My parents never demanded her to do that because they knew she would not.
She lived with her husband and things were fine for some time. Then she got a baby, and her husband refused to give her any money. In Nigeria, he said, women were supposed to work, do all the household and raise the kids. ES went to my mom for money, which is perfectly ok for me. I would never have raised my voice against this. She was a mom in distress, and my parents financed her life during that hard time. Her husband started to cheat on her and beat her, and they got a very bad and filthy divorce. She talked very bad about him and told us all to drop contacts. I reminded ES several times that she had insisted several times to marry this guy after some weeks, saying that she had gotten to know him so deeply as other people don´t get to know each other in years blablabla. She was not happy when I told her that. He was the bad guy (well, he was, but nobody had forced her to marry him) and she would not listen to anybody telling her that HER decision had been wrong.
She was a single mom and got social welfare money, and my parents supported her very much. Again, I did not mind. It is important to support people in need, especially single moms with small children. After a while she had a new life partner, and they married. My sister went back to work and things started to relax. She still came to my parents a lot for money, but I did not mind. It was their money. And, of course, it is not like I never got anything. Every now and then, they also paid some repair for my car, or gave me money for my birthday and Christmas. When I wanted to upgrade my job, they paid a computer course and an English course for me. So it is not that I got nothing. She got a lot more, and that was ok for me, as she had a small child and was struggling with all sorts of mental issues and physical illnesses.
Her new husband worked as assembly worker for an automobile company and eventually lost his job because he caused trouble as he behaved like a works council member even though he was none, telling people off and fighting for all sorts of stuff. He tried to be self- employed afterwards for 1,5 years as a sales representative for toys, but it did not work. He did not earn money, and after the failure, he got a job as delivery driver. All the time my parents supported ES and her husband. They gave hundreds of Euros every month, they paid car rapairs, tax councellors, even new cars. My brother-in-law then got a burnout and stayed at home for 2 years. ES got pregnant again and had a second child. She was very happy as she had lost some pregnancies before, and she also stayed home. They both got social welfare money, but it never was enough. They took on bank loans and got very deep in dept. The dept was about 40.000 Euros. And still they came to my parents to pay bills. My father mortgaged his house to free ES and her husband of dept, but soon enough they were deep in dept again.
My sister´s health problems got worse. She had an autoimmune disease and other physical issues, mental problems, and she was addicted to weed, which cost them a lot of money. She made a habit of getting deep into problems and then demanding her family to solve the problems. She didn´t do her tax declarations for years, and then demanded my husband and me to come ASAP and solve her shit when the fiscal authorities were threatening consequences. They moved to new apartments, and everytime my mom and me were there for some days to clean up her old apartment, declutter it and generally bring the apartment into a state of decency so that she could hand it over to the landlord again. Once she ran into a man on a bike when she turned with her car and did not see him. She honestly tried to convince us that it had been the cyclist´s fault and wanted us to tell her that she was not to blame. I did not, and she was cross. She had my father sort out all the legal stuff and financial compenstaion for the biker. She had and has a huge problems with taking on responsibility. No one ever made her take on responsibility and maybe this is why she can´t.
The job center paid my brother-in-law a retraining as a computer specialist for system security. The job center paid the training, gave him money for rent and food, and still it was not enough. I have no clue why money never lasted, but they relied on my parents more then ever. My father regularly complained to me that every week ES came with her family, and my mom would pay for refueling their car and then bought food for the next week. My father said that he was spending 800 Euros a month on ES and her family, plus money for car repairs etc. ES claimed that in exchange they were helping in the household, cleaning, doing garden works, but they definitely did not. They did not help a bit. They came, then ES dropped her little son on my mother´s lap and went to sleep. They ate for free and left more mess by the time they left again. Later ES claimed that they worked hard for the money the got by doing household chores, but they did nothing, just creating more work and more mess.
My father was really pissed by that time and demanded that ES let my husband help her with finances to free her of dept, but she refused. I told her to file for private bankruptcy, but she also refused. She asked my father to take another credit to pay her depts. He said he would only do that when she accepted help from my husband to prevent further dept, and she refused again. And then my father did something really stupid: one year before his death he got another bank loan amounting to 30.000 Euros to free my sister of dept. He paid her depts and started to pay back 700 Euros to the bank every month.
He was having lung problems, and shortly after taking on the credit his health detoriated. He got weaker and weaker. Due to lack of oxigen he developed symptoms of dementia and psychosis. At the same time my mom started to drink lots of alcohol. She had been drinking every day for at least 35 years, and not she literally drowned her depression and her load of caring for my sick and demanding father in alcohol. Within no time she got the symptoms of Korsakow´s syndrom, which also caused her to go fully into dementia. So, within some weeks we had two parents who were helpless. They refused to go to a nursery home, and they refused any external help. I got a cleaning woman three times, and they sent her home. I got a nurse to bath them, and they also refused her help. My parents were not rich, but wealthy, it would have been easy to get help. But they expected help from family and friends. That was ok in theory, but they refused any plan, any structure. ES lived a 1,5 hours drive away, and I had to drive 50 minutes to get to them. So we offered to make a plan, when ES would come and when it was my turn. The neighbours offered help and my aunt, so we thought we could cover the days: my sister´s turn in the weekends (she had been there all the weekends anyway), me two times a week, and neighbours and my aunt could then care for them the other 3 days. Unfortunately, it did not work.
My father got into mental issues more and more due to lack of oxigen, and he was sitting at home with his telephone, calling whomever he wanted for help and entertainment right now. It was a really hard time. I was working and had two small children (5 and 8 years old at that time). My father went to hospital every day by ambulance, as he could not breath, and then insisted on going home again. And everytime he came home he wanted me to be present. It was hard. I had to neglect my children. Often my elder daughter would come home from school to find 5 Euros and a note from me saying she should go to a fastfood restaurant round the corner for lunch. She was 8 years old. Often I would have some other mom pick up my smaller daughter from kindergarden and bring her home, so that my 8 years old "big girl" could take care of her younger sister, as mommy was away saving granddad from the evil hospitals and doing household chores for the grandparents.
My sister also came regularly. She sat down with my parents, held their hands, sang with them, gave them kind words. She told them everything would be fine again, they would recover blablabla. When I came, I came to work. I walked their dog, went grocery shopping, went to the pharmacy to get their medications, did the laundry, tried to clean up a little, and I organised neighbours and relatives who lived in the same village as my parents to take turns in cooking lunch for my parents and making sure they ate it. So my sister came to be kind and entertain them, and I came to work. I was the uncomfortable one, the one to make stress. We discovered that my parents had not paid bills for months and that they had not handed in any bills to their health insurance.
I was not there on the day they gave ES their bank cards and access to their online banking. I really don´t know how ES did that, if she convinced or guilt tripped them, or if it had been their idea. I don´t know how you could give a person who had been deep in dept the last years full access to your money. She had the bank access for three months, when I got my father´s legal guardian. A doctor had finally seen my father´s psychosis and had a judge take away my father´s legal capacity. I was made his legal guardian and got access to his bank account. I was really shocked when I saw that ES had taken 30.000 Euros in just three months from my father´s account alone. I have no idea how much she had additionally taken from my mom´s account. At about the same time, ES took my mom with her to take care of her, as my father was detained in hospital, this time forcefully.
I confronted ES with what she had done, but she showed no remorse. Quite the contrary: she went mad at me, saying that it was my mom´s money as well and that I had no right to confront her. She said that my mom had agreed to her taking all the money. I was really angry. I said: "our mother doesn´t even remember her grandchildren´s names, she forgot where she lives and how old she is. She is DEMENT, and you tell me that you took that money with her approval."
She just answered: "Our mom is not dement, she is just stressed a little. She will recover." I was so frustrated and helpless. Then ES told me that I was the greedy one, that I was always talking about money, and that I had no right to decide anything concerning our parents´ money. She went as far as telling me that it was ME who had the borderline disorder. She started giving me messages from my "spirit guides", who had to speak through her as my mind was blocked and as I was not ready spiritually. She did and said so much BS, but would never see what she was doing was immoral. I told her to keep her hands off my father´s bank account. Why did I do that? Well, my parents had not paid bills for months, and my sister only paid the bills with my parents´accounts when they gave her a bill. But when cleaning I found about 45 open bills for all kind of stuff, and payment reminders. I spent many days sorting the bills out, paying bills and requesting copies when I saw a reminder and had not bill for it.
My parents had a private health insurance, so bills for hospitals and ambulances had to be paid first and then sent to the insurance for reimbursement. I could not send the bills to the insurances directly, as my mom had to do that. And my mom was "held hostage" by ES. So I sent them the invoices to have them refunded. Maybe you can guess what ES did? I had paid the bills from my father´s account, over which I had the sole power of disposition as his legal guardian, and she had the refund be transferred to my mom´s account by the insurance, so that ES had the power of disposition on the money. That was another 25.000 Euros she stole. I was fuming, but could do nothing. I could have applied for legal custodoy for my mom, but I was already at my breaking point with working, raising kids and caring for my lethally ill and psychotic father. I knew I could not burden myself with being the guardian for my mother and thus fighting ES day and night for money. I thought that maybe I would do that later, when my father had died.
It was not only bills to be paid. We knew my father would die, so I needed to save money for the funeral. And, as I have written before, my father was a hoarder and his huge house was in a dreadful state. He had not done any renovations for 30 years, the house needed to be decluttered, cleaned and renovated. I had an agent there to evaluate the house, and he said that we needed to invest about 100.000 Euros for renovations. Besides, every month 700 Euros were taken from my father´s bank account to pay back the credit for my sister. I knew there was no way paying house renovations from the money that was left, but I tried to keep the money together to pay bills, funeral, the decluttering of the house and the loan rates for my sister. ES kept telling my that I was a greedy and impudent person for keeping back the money, as both my parents owned the account. I was so angry. Why couldn´t she understand the necessitiy for saving that money?? I tried to explain to her why she could not have the money, but she did not understand. I suppose that she wanted to do what she always did: Take the money and leave the responsibility to someone else. I was so sad and disappointed. She really would take everything and then let me pay for all the expenses from my own money. I was furious.
My father died, I organized the funeral and the funeral reception, I went to chose the tomb stone and had stone surround renovated (it was an old grave which already "hosted" my grandparents). After that the real work started: decluttering my parents´ house. It was a big house with two levels plus a basement and a big storage room under the roof. Really every room was filled completely with stuff from my father´s hobbies. His woodwork stuff alone filled three rooms. ES and her husband had told me they wanted to declutter and renovate the house themselves, and then lease two apartments. Yet, as they lived a 1,5 hours drive away and had no money and no inclination for work, they soon dropped their idea and we decided to sell the house. I contacted two decluttering companies for prices, but both would take over 10.000 Euros, so I dropped that. We could not afford that as my sister had taken every spare money, claiming it was for my mom.
I set to work, and it got my fulltime job for the next weeks. I got all sorts of people to come and take what was still useable. I told ES that she had to come and get everything she wanted before a certain date, and of course she did not come. I had to put all activities on hold. Finally she and her familiy came with a rental van and took everything they wanted. Then they left. Later I got a huge telling off from her, as my husband had taken some metal shelves from my father´s office for our basement, and charity had taken the washing machine and the dryer. It did not matter to her that it was AFTER they had come to collect stuff. She told me that the van had been full and that they could not have taken more, and that she had told me about the washing machine and the dryer. So my husband handed over the metal shelves to her, and I called the charity organisation and told them to bring back washing machine and dryer. It was really embarassing.
I spoke to all sorts of people to come and get what they needed. A woman came to get electronic stuff, a man got to take books for charity, another guy came for old metal. Charities came to take furniture, clothes and kitchen stuff. People came to take tools from his workshop. I opened the house for all his friend and for all relatives to come and take whatever they wanted as a memory. And after that we hired 6 people for a complete day, early in the morning to late into the night, to get the rest stuff out. I rented huge garbage containers that were brought with trucks. We loaded 4 containers (containing 3-6 tons of garbage each). I organised the containers to be brought and then picked up again. I paid the people, yet after that working day there was still stuff left. So my husband and I spent another 3 complete days in this house, decluttering. In the storage room I found 6 suitcases full of baby clothes that ES had dumped there years ago and then forgotten. The clothes were not packed, but lying around. I sorted and packed them and brought them to charity in my car. My husband and I loaded another 2 huge containers and then had the municipal administration collect a load of bulky waste. The neighbour tried to help and drove to the recycling depot and brought my father´s hazardous waste (that is batteries, colours and lacquers). My counsins and my aunt finally swept the house thoroughly to clean the floors a little, and they removed spider webs. After that I was done. ES and her husband did not show up once.
I spent about 6000 Euros on this decluttering event for the helpers and for the container service. 600 Euros I took for myself to go on a 3 days wellness vacation after that huge strain. I´ve got an innate malformation of my respiratory system, and inhaling dust and dirt for three days had not done me good. At this time ES contacted me to tell me that they needed a new car because now they had my mom and needed a bigger car. She had found one for 5000 Euros and wanted the money. I could have cried because she still did not understand that things had not been fully paid yet. I gave her 1000 Euros, and she called me arrogant and pretentious because I assumed the right to deal with the money.
We decided to sell the house, and had a buyer right away. Again terror started, as my sister acted as my mom´s representative for selling the house. Every time the buyer needed something (catastral map excerpt, architectal measurements, energy certificate), ES did was she always did: She called me and cried and told me she had tried to get the things but failed. So I set to work again and got the stuff within quite fast (to her credit I have to add that I got the things faster than she would have gotten, because I was lucky to meet people I knew from my childhood in the administration offices and they helped me through unofficial channels).
So we sold the house. As my mom had been my father´s sole heir I only got a mandatory part of 15% of the house. We bought new living room furniture from that money. It was not much, but we got really nice furniture and I am happy every day when I look at it. My mom and with her ES got the biggest part of the house sale. After paying everything, every bill, the funeral, the tomb stone, I handed the bank accout back to my sister. There were 500 Euros left on it. I had taken 600 Euros for my work with decluttering, 300 Euros for expenditures when my father was in hospital for 3 weeks, as he missplaced his stuff and demanded me to buy socks, watches, newspapers and sweets every day. And I had decided to have one car repair paid from my father´s account, as present from him. I knew I would not have any inheritance left, I would get nothing, so I treated me with the car repair amounting to 1600 Euros. I don´t think this is unreasonable. When decluttering my father´s house I found a lot of bills and letters from dept collection. I found out that my parents had given about 110.000 Euros to ES the previous years. It would have been enough to renovate the house.
ES got the account back and decided she wanted to have a house. Again, I don´t know how she did it, but she got a bank loan from an online bank in my dement mother´s name and bought an old, tumbled down house in one of the best areas in her town. They wanted to renovate it. The credit period is 20 years. When they took the credit my dement mom was 70 (it was 2 years ago). They took all my mom´s money to try and renovate the house. My mom has a very good pension, and yet her accounts are deep in dept now. I told my sister that she could have all the money when she cared for my mom. We agreed that I would do a renunciation of inheritance from my mom, I would get nothing, she could keep everything with the precondition that she was the one responsible for caring for my mother.
That was two years ago. Now my mom is deeply into dementia. She is a full- time job. ES is on her last legs. They stopped renovating the house, as her husband now has a job, and they have a 8 years old son. My sister is drained and ill and smokes weed every day. The house is so filthy and dirty that your shoes will stick to the ground when you walk there. It´s dreadful. Her son lives in a dirty mess and is entertained with television and computer games all day. He is diagnosed with ADHD and has someone from youth authorties come every week to do nice things with him, like going swimming.
When I visited in December, ES told me that she was drained and could not do it any more. Although I had vowed to myself not to care for my mother as we had an agreement, I consented to taking my mom with me for 2 days, so that ES could relax. On this day her husband complained to my that ES was smoking weed all day, not caring for my mom properly, and neglecting her son. I informed youth authorities and they came and imposed all sorts of rules and restrictions on ES. She was furious and accused me of being a terrible person and not helping. She said that surely I must be glad that it was not ME who had to care for our mom. She said that everything was on her back, and that she got no help. I told her that she had taken everything, every money, that she had taken far over 110.000 Euros, and she exploded. She said that they had been working for the money in my parents´ house, and that now everything went into the house. Her house, not mine. She told me that I am a liar, and a dreadful person, not helping, always talking about money. She said that in return it was ME who was taking money from mom´s account. That is not true, by the way. When my children were born, my mom did a banker´s order to pay a small amount of money every month into saving accounts for my kids. Some years ago she approached me if she could pay some daycare or hobby for my kids, as she paid daycare for my sister´s son. My kids got riding lessons from grandma, and still get them, at it is a standing order in her bank account. So, mind you, it is not that we get nothing. I am just so angry that me sister took so much, wasted so much mony on a house that is a ruin and then tells me that I don´t help and take money.
I discovered that all my mom´s life insurances are gone (wonder where they could be), except one that is a funeral costs insurance that will not cover the actual expenses of a funeral. At the moment I am trying to get hold of this insurance to being able to pay for my mom´s funeral once her time comes. My sister is not helping. Documents vanish, she doesn´t want to talk because: "Mom is still alive". I have the strong feeling that she wants to cash that insurance and leave me to pay all funeral costs. She makes me feel guilty about that. She tries to guilt trip me into being ashamed for not wanting to pay funeral costs from my own money. I am so done with her. Once all that is over, I will cut contacts. Surely ES will not be able to live without my mom´s money, and the prospect of being contacted every now and then for paying something or resolving the mess she made is not very attractive. Sometime I wonder whether I am being selfish and greedy. Some people are really good at gaslighting. What do you think?
submitted by Moni_CSM to MrReddit [link] [comments]

TALLAHASSEE EVENTS 1/28 - 2/3

There’s another list of all the regular stuff that happens every week, so don’t forget to check for all your karaokes, trivias, and so on. There are also links to all of Tally’s theater options, both stage and independent cinema (from fancy to cult).
The Leon County Public Libraries host classes, clubs, and events all the time. All ages, all locations. Check the calendar here.
TUESDAY, 1/28
WEDNESDAY, 1/29
THURSDAY, 1/30
FRIDAY, 1/31
SATURDAY, 2/1
SUNDAY, 2/2
MONDAY, 2/3
submitted by clearliquidclearjar to Tallahassee [link] [comments]

A beginners guide to importing electronics from China

Hey guys,
Me again with another post in regards to importing from China. I've previously posted with similar subjects here and here.
I wanted to give you a rundown on the essential requirements & regulations when importing electronics from China to the US & Europe.
I have recently been asked a few times to write about regulations for electronics and why I chose electronics. I choose electronics for myself because I’ve been in this category for nearly 17 years so I feel confident importing/exporting them.
Many “gurus’ will tell you to shy away from electronics because of the regulations, high returns and what to do with defective items. While I do agree that a beginner should stay away from electronics I do encourage you to import electronics at one point because the margins are higher than your standard household product.
Especially if you have it OEM manufactured products (your own design/software/application). However manufacturing an electronic OEM item requires profound technical knowledge (or at least a knowledgable factory and engineers) and financial pre-investment in most cases.
Most suppliers won’t offer free services to help develop the product unless you commit with a certain order quantity, have yearly agreements or previous (mostly large) business with the factory.
Why is it so difficult to find manufacturers who comply with regulations already? Most suppliers that develop a new product do not invest in the certifications in the beginning because they don’t know yet if the product actually sells so why invest in certifications that can run into thousands of dollars?
Try to work and find suppliers who mainly work with larger European and US customers or retailers that did the work for you already. Because when retailers look for electronics they will absolutely make sure that they comply with the law. You will want to buy from factories that are either compliant already or are willing to work together with you to get the product compliant.
Dismiss suppliers who aren’t interested in making the product compliant if the response is something like: “all the other buyers also don’t need it”. Ideally you can convince the supplier to invest his money into certifications and making the product compliant for different markets and regulations because it also benefits him. The more clients he can sell his products to (because they are certified) the better for him too.
Lets take a look at general regulations first.
EUROPE
Europe is generally stricter than the US and has a couple more regulations that are to be met if you wish to import legally to Europe.
CE
The CE marking is a mandatory conformity marking if you want to import into Europe. It basically confirms that your product is manufactured according to certain European standards. It covers most standards and this is the absolute minimum you need to have when importing to Europe, no matter which product actually. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE_marking Required by law: YES
GS
GS or “Gepruefte Sicherheit” is a quality seal issued by a third party laboratory and mostly recommended if sold as a retailer or to retailers. It is voluntary and NOT required by law but it has been an established trust and quality seal commonly known by consumers, especially in Germany. The requirements to get a GS certificate is higher than the one for CE. GS is not available or doesn’t make sense on several products such as battery operated items. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepr%C3%BCfte_Sicherheit Required by law: NO, voluntary and used as a seal of quality for consumers.
R&TTE
This directive covers any radio-transmitting device and is usually already covered within a GS or CE certification. http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/electrical-engineering/rtte-directive/index_en.htm Required by law: YES, any of the following products need to comply: WiFi, Bluetooth products and Radio-Emitting devices (Smartphones, tablets, smart devices)
LVD
The Low Voltage Directive does not supply any specific technical standards that must be met, instead relying on IEC technical standards to guide designers to produce safe products. Products that conform to the general principles of the Low Voltage Directive and the relevant particular safety standards are marked with the CE marking to indicate compliance and acceptance throughout the EU. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Voltage_Directive Required by law: YES applicable to products or electrical equipment with a voltage at input or output terminals between 50 and 1000 volts for alternating current (AC) or between 75 and 1500 volts for direct current(DC)
EMC
EMC or “Electro Magnetic Compatibility” regulates that the products may not interfere with other electronics products. Meaning that components of a product need to be manufactured according to several CE or GS standards to comply. If your product has a GS certificate EMC will usually be tested. Some CE certification and test reports include EMC testing. Make sure to check this in the report. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility Required by law: YES but different nations can require compliance with different standards. In European law, manufacturers of electronic devices are advised to run EMC tests in order to comply with compulsory CE-labeling. EU directive 2004/108/EC (previously 89/336/EEC) on EMC defines the rules for the distribution of electric devices within the European Union.
ROHS Directive
RoHS or the “Restriction of Hazardous Substances” regulates the allowed content of 6 substances within the product. These are: Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, PBB & PBDE. It is closely linked with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) 2002/96/EC which sets collection, recycling and recovery targets for electrical goods and is part of a legislative initiative to solve the problem of huge amounts of toxic e-waste. Most suppliers have at least a report for the incoming raw-materials that they later use for the final product. So while they do not have a RoHS certificate for the entire product they may have the material tested which is generally accepted by authorities. Required by law: YES, however raw material report as opposed to full report is widely accepted. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive
REACH Directive
Most suppliers have never heard of REACH altough it has been around since 2007. It is essentially the upgrade to RoHS but regulates more chemicals and substances. It has different phases that regulate the chemicals used in manufacturing and once in full force all importers need to comply (within the European Union). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals Required by law: YES
WEEE Directive
The Waste Electrical and Electronics Equipment Directive is mandatory to be fullfilled by the manufacturer. The marking needs to be on the sales packaging or product. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive Required by law: YES but different nations can require compliance with different standards.
Sub – Regulations & Directives
Each of the above have several sub-regulations that have to be met. But generally if you buy a certian product from a supplier and it is say for example CE or FCC certified it should have automatically been certified by the sub-regulation.
UNITED STATES
The US generally has “loose” regulations compared to the authorities in Europe. Having said that I do recommend that you comply to all regulations as you don’t want to import a product that can cause fire or other hazards. “Loose regulations” also doesn’t mean that they are actually loose because you still are required to comply but again, Europe is stricter when it comes to enforcing and checking at customs or at retailers. A FCC certification is usually obtainable for a couple hundred $ while a GS certificate can go into the thousands. Of course there are products that are highly technical and or pose a risk or hazard and are difficult to certify by FCC for example.
FCC
The FCC basically regulates anything that is electronic including WiFi, Bluetooth, Radio transmission etc. You will want any device that you import that is electrical and remitting radio waves (in any way) certified by the FCC. There are two regulations within FCC for both Intentional & Un-Intentional radiators. Intentional radiators for example are: Bluetooth speakers, WiFi devices, radios or smartphones. Unintentional radiators are: Headphones, Earphones, power packs, PCB’s etc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC_Declaration_of_Conformity Required by law: YES
UL
UL is a certification company that certifies your product according to several different standards. Say if you have a FCC certification you may still need to certify by UL, especially if you are a retailer. It’s a seal of quality that consumers appreciate on certain products https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UL_(safety_organization) Required by law: NO/Voluntary and used as a seal of quality for consumers.
RoHS
RoHS is also recognised in the US and widley available at suppliers. RoHS self declarations are generally accepted by authorities. Required by law: NO
Further information you should be aware of
Full certification
Having a full certification on a product is the best and safest way to go. What does that actually mean? Lets look at an example: You want to import a hair trimmeclipper. The hair clipper itself runs on a integrated rechargeable battery. The battery is charged via a universal external chargeadpater with a plug. In 90% of the cases the supplier will only have a FCC/GS/CE certificate for the chargeadapter. Why?
Because the adapter can be certified with GS/FCC/CE easily and can be used on hundreds of different products that need a universal charger. So it makes sense for the manufacturer to certify the charger because he can sell it with different products and only needs to certify the adapter once. He can also sell his charger to other suppliers who are in need of universal chargers only for their products. While the hair trimmer is a separate unit in itself and may not sell well. So why would the factory pay a lot of money to certify an entire product if they may not sell it.
If possible find a manufacturer who has a fully certified product. Those are likely suppliers who work with large western retailers. Having said that if say the charger has a full certification like GS/CE or FCC and the hair trimmer itself only has CE it is also acceptable to authorities. If you want to make sure that you comply or satisfy authorities you may ask the supplier to issue a Letter of Guarantee that the entire product has been manufactured according to standard or regulation “X”. But satisfying authorities should not be your eventual goal. Your eventual goal should be to import a safe and reliable product that lasts and delivers good reviews or sales.
A full certification is quite expensive and therefore not often found. Yet some markets like Germany demand full certification especially from retailers. If you are an online seller and your exposure to the authorities is minimal you could start by meeting only minimum requirements (CE, FCC for example).
Labelling & Marking
The following markings must be on the final packaging or box in which the product is sold to the customer where applicable:
WEEE, FCC, CE, GS, Made in China, Recycle symbol
I say applicable because as mentioned not every product needs to comply with above regulations. You will also want to put all labels and markings of the product on the Instruction Manual. Electronic products usually have instruction manuals so you’ll want to show in there what your product complies with.
You are actually required by law to mark all regulations met, either on the box of the product or inside the instruction manual (if there is no space on the sales packaging).
Returns and damaged products
Unfortunately returns of electrical products can be as high as 20% in some cases. That could be due to poor manufacturing, faulty components that didn’t get checked properly, the client mishandling (or misunderstanding) the product and several other reasons. It comes with the territory when selling electronics and the only thing you can do as a seller is to take care of the manufacturing side and handle returns from customers with proper manner. Don’t try to argue with customers and simply refund or exchange the product for a new one.
However you should collect all data collected from returns and defects and claim the lost profit/money from your supplier when or if you re-order. Make sure to communicate the issues to the factory and have them deduct the total amount lost from the next invoice. Send all material that you can gather from your customers to the supplier to have a strong case against the supplier. If you aren’t going to re-order (maybe because of the issues) try to get the defect/returned units replaced by him or even better a cash payment in the amount of your loss. The latter may be more difficult as suppliers will want to have you re-order before they give out any money for returns.
Self-declarations
In some cases it doesn’t make sense to certify a product because your quantities are low or the product is so cheap that the certification cost don’t justify certifying it. In that case you may ask the supplier to issue a self-declaration which is in some cases accepted by authorities. Please note that you cannot issue a self-declaration, it has to be done by the manufacturer.
You would at least need to be compliant with basic requirements like raw material being certified or tested and according to regulations. However most countries in Europe only allow CE or RohS self-declarations for several items, mainly low voltage or battery powered products. Check with your supplier what he can offer you.
Lets take a look at a few examples
Please note that the following are recommendations and there may be additional requirements for each country depending on your sales channel. I know for a fact that many importers ignore these regulations, hoping not to get caught. I am not telling you what you should or shouldn’t do but many countries have lax enforcements so importers simply ignore it. I personally like to have everything in order and proper certification to avoid any problems in the future. It’s best to check with a third-party inspection company but this should get you started when sourcing for electronics:
Bluetooth Speaker (Low Voltage product) EU: CE, REACH, ROHS, LVD, R&TTE & GS on the adpater recommended if product comes with a external charger (they usually come with USB charging cables) US: FCC, UL recommended if you are a retailer Not to forget that you need to pay BIG (Bluetooth Interest Group) a fee of 8000US$ (4000$ if you are a member) if you are planning on private labelling your product. Prior to February 2014 private labelers were able to register their private label under the manufacturers Bluetooth chip license but BIG changed that and made it not possible anymore. I know that there are many small time buyers who don’t care and risk it because its still a grey area but basically they are illegally branding Bluetooth products.
Solar powered garden lamp (Low Voltage product) This is a very simple product but highly competitive. The good news is that they are battery operated and low voltage powered. EU: CE self declaration, RoHs self-declaration US: FCC self declaration
Vacuum cleaner (High Voltage product) EU: CE, GS recommended, RoHS, REACH, EMC US: FCC, UL recommended
Wired-Headset (Non-Bluetooth, no direct Voltage) EU: CE, RoHS self declaration US: FCC self declaration
Miscellaneous
Many small importers in Europe or the US illegally import products hoping not to get caught (or not knowing there are regulations to be met). Basically playing with fire just to save a couple hundred dollars on certifications and compliant products. Also paying for a certification report doesn’t mean your supplier can comply with the regulation. Before you place an order with the factory make sure to ask him that the material and components will actually pass a FCC or CE testing for example, otherwise you waste money on a certification and the product may not even pass the requirements.
One thing that I recommend beginners with electronics is to have the certifications from the supplier verified by a third-party. If you work with a third party inspection company like Asiainspection, TUV, SGS or others they are usually open to check certificates for you. That is if you already do business with them otherwise they charge a small fee. You can simply ask your contact at the third-party inspection company to look over the documents that the supplier sent you.
Do not engage with a supplier or product that cannot comply to regulations otherwise your products might be seized by customs or even have to be withdrawn from the market if an authority finds out you do not comply with regulations.
If a supplier tells you he doesn’t have the necessary certification and “its ok his other customers also don’t need it” stay away or be prepared to invest a couple hundred US$ for a certification (FCC or CE usually goes from 400-600US$).
Yes, it is sometimes a grey area, especially in the US if you ship things by Air directly to Amazon for example that you do not get caught, but I do not recommend going this way.
If a supplier doesn’t have a certificate or is unwilling to invest in it move on to the next supplier. However if you are willing to invest yourself in the certification (make sure to ask the supplier if the product can pass first) I would recommend to do so. Furthermore if you invest into a certificate you will be the holder of the certificate and the supplier is not allowed to sell the product with certification to anyone else but you. This applies to all certifications.
Inspections
I can’t stress enough how important inspections are, especially with electronics. You will want your goods to be inspected to avoid a high rate of returns,defects or not compliant manufactured products. Pre-Shipment inspections can save you a lot of troubles and are well worth the investment. The inspectors will not only test the product but they will also make sure that all is compliant with laws and regulations.
Product Liability Insurance
I also recommend once you import electronics in larger quantities that you contact your local insurance company and have a product liability insurance on your products. This is to protect yourself from any unforseeable issues. Even you may have manufactured a product to the best of your knowledge something can go wrong or someone mishandled the product but you may not proof it. For example a few years ago I worked for this large German retailer and we had a fan heater manufactured to all possible standards and regulations.
One day a customer hired a lawyer and sent a letter to the retailer explaining his house has burnt down because of the fan heater he bought from them and he is looking for compensation and a full law suit. Since the fan heater was manufactured in China and sourced trough the buying office I worked for I was put in charge of the situation. When I heard of the problem the first step was obviously to speak to the supplier, check the certificates and look at the Inspection. All was in order, the said unit was manufactured at the highest standards and we suspected that the customer covered the fan heater with a towel and thats why the unit started burning.
However we couldn’t proof that and the client won the lawsuit. The retailer had coverage from his product liability insurance and at least the financial damage was settled. The bigger damage was obviously the public problem they had but at least the financial issue was off the table.
Summary
So what do you actually need for sure? Thats difficult to say as it depends on the product and ideally you will want the supplier to provide you all of the above. But realistically that never happens. In most cases suppliers do not even have CE certification which is actually easily obtainable. I can only recommend to have a supplier who has the minimum requirements such as FCC and CE certification.
RoHS is also easily obtainable these days and if a supplier doesn’t even have a self-declaration or certification for incoming raw materials look elsewhere. Unfortunately each product has different regulations however above general guidelines give you an idea what to look for. Also there is no website that tells you exactly what you need for which market (Business Idea??? :) ) and all is done trough research or ideally you speak with your third-party inspection company. In most cases they will charge you for giving out this information but if you work with them for a while already they might do you a favour and give you the information for free.
If you are interested in starting with electronics but not sure where to start simply message me or comment on this post and I will try to help wherever I can. The original post can be found here on my blog.
All the best and happy sourcing :)
submitted by importdojo to Entrepreneur [link] [comments]

Avenues of ammunition production (Part I)

This is just the culmination of a series of brain exercises I've done over the years pertaining to feasible methods of producing propellant and ammunition in the limitations of a severe post-collapse environment.
I've approached this from a small-scale standpoint, a setup that's doable for a small established settlement or group. Feasibility using low-level technology and basic equipment is a given. Ideally, one should be able to use local resources or materials that are readily available in bulk or at least obtainable through low-tech processing or mining. Sustainability would be key.
In posting this, I am in no way advocating that making gunpowder and bullets should be your first priority in a post-collapse...or second, or third, or fiftieth. There will be far more important needs and tasks at hand like water collection or growing food. In the end, it's much more cost-effective to stockpile powder and primers than to make them from scratch. Modern smokeless ammunition when stored properly can be viable for at least half a century or more. Those who are prepare won't have to worry running out of bullets until probably the second generation onwards.
Also, depending on the severity of the collapse, formal industry and commerce might revive before one needs to set up an ad-hoc arsenal to satisfy local demand - or things ,might become so bad that it becomes unsustainable or waste of essential resources. Even on a small-scale, making gunpowder of any kind is a resource and labour intensive - especially when commercial trade and shipping become disrupted or broken. In the days of muskets and cannons, the British Empire shipped sulfur all the way from Sicily for their gun powder. Potassium nitrate extracted from nitre beds would require copious amount of fuel, water, and labour to refine and purify. At some point, one would be better off with more primitive range weapons such as bows or slingshots. I would list the advantages and disadvantages for each method as I see it. And as I am not a trained chemist nor explosive expert, please do not attempt to do anything I write here. A "For educational purposes only" disclaimer applies here.
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"Suitable Propellants For Post-Collapse Wasteland"
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Black Powder
==Composition==
==Pros==
==Cons==
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Potassium Perchlorate/Chlorate
==Composition==
Potassium perchlorate/clorate oxidizer + solid fuel (charcoal, sugar, etc...)
Alternatively, potassium (per)chlorate can serve as a substitute for sulfur as the reaction catalyst in the usual black powder composition.
Note: Perchlorate is less sensitive than its chlorate counterpart. Both are produce in electrolysis of potassium chloride, the rate of production is controlled through temperature of the solution. The different solubility of chlorate and perchlorate can be used to separate the two components from mixture.
=Pros=
==Cons==
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Sulfurless Blackpowder (I)
==Composition==
Black powder with no sulfur, just potassium nitrate and charcoal.
Sulfur serves as a catalyst that eases the combustion reaction in blackpowder. With it, black powder is able to ignite at about 300'C. Without it, sulfurless black powder ignites at about 440'C, making it much less powerful and generally unsuitable for flintlock ignition.
==Pros==
==Cons==
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Sulfurless Black Powder (II)
==Composition== Apparently, iron oxide, or plain old rust from steel scrap can be used to substitute for sulfur in black powder as a reaction catalyst. I don't have much information on this method, but the consensus is its better than plain charcoal-nitrate blackpowder but worst than sulfur black powder.
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Sulfurless Black Powder (III)
=Composition=
Given the reactivity of potassium perchlorate, it theoretically can be used to catalyst a black powder mixture in place of sulfur. Historically, there has been such composition, and many commercial sulfur-free black powder substitutes on the market today contain potassium perchlorate (but usually with a sugar or starch-based fuel instead of charcoal).
==Pros/Cons==
This would be middle-of-the-road compromise between sulfur-less and normal black powder. At one hand, you don't need sulfur. On the other, you still got a corrosive propellant, more so because of the perchlorate content.
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That's it for now, I might add something about nitrocellulose if I have time. For now, share your thoughts?
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Update: *Mistake made in potassium chlorate section, potassium chloride, not chlorate, is found as potash. My bad.
submitted by War_Hymn to PostCollapse [link] [comments]

household hazardous waste collection near me video

Delaware County sponsors four (4) Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) Collection Events each year. If you’ve ever participated in an event, you leave with a good feeling knowing you’ve disposed of your hazardous items in a responsible fashion. To back up a bit… Delaware County has been hosting HHW Events since the early 1990’s. By 1998, Delaware County joined forces with the City of ... Free Household Hazardous Waste and E-waste Disposal for OC Residents Leftover household products that contain corrosive, toxic, ignitable or reactive ingredients are considered Household Hazardous Waste (HHW). Products such as paints, cleaners, oils, batteries and pesticides that contain potentially hazardous ingredients require special handling when you dispose of them. Certain household products may pose a risk to human health or the environment if not disposed of correctly. Find out if your council offers a service to help you get rid of hazardous waste like ... Household Hazardous Waste Collection Program. Wayne County's Department of Public Services hosts four Household Hazardous Waste Collections per year for County residents. The collections are designed to accept unwanted household chemicals for proper disposal and electronics for recycling from residents. Only household generated products from Wayne County residents are accepted. Upcoming Events ... HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE FROM SAINT LOUIS COUNTY, SAINT LOUIS CITY, AND JEFFERSON COUNTY RESIDENTS ONLY. Due to funding constraints, households residing in the City of St. Louis and Jefferson County will be limited to one drop-off per year. All households are limited to one drop off per day. Reservations are now mandatory. Residents will pick "morning" or "afternoon" time slots to show up ... Many communities have collection programs for HHW to reduce potential harm posed by these chemicals. Search for "household hazardous waste" near your zip code in the Earth 911 database Exit for more information.; Contact your local environmental, health, or solid waste agency to learn about permanent or periodic HHW collections near you. Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) Location. 16454 Orange Way Fontana, CA 92335. Hours. 8:00 am to 12:00 noon. Saturdays, Starting May 30, 2020. Excluding Major Holidays. Requirements . Fontana city residents only; Must bring a California Identification Card with Fontana City address; Tax roll or multi-family residents, must bring a picture ID with Fontana city address; Face masks are mandatory ... Hazardous Waste Drop Off Near Me. If the Household hazardous waste is solid, such as batteries or fluorescent bulbs, there is usually another option through large retailers such as Home Depot and Lowe’s. Usually, these solid items are also accepted at city programs. Still, liquid household hazardous waste is not suitable for drop off at these ... Household Hazardous Waste Programs and Collection Schedule Select your town from the following list to find local dates. We will continue to update the list as new dates become available. If your town does not appear on this list, your municipality may not be holding a collection event this year. Household hazardous waste (HHW) events will be held at different locations throughout the county on specified days between the months of April and October. All collection events require preregistration prior to attending. All collection events will accept household chemicals only. NO TVs or ELECTRONICS will be accepted at HHW events.

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