*disclaimer i'm not affiliated with alphamusk* Sarabeth put up her new "Vibes" collection about a day ago?? But now all of the descriptions are up for all 52 new scents! According to her esty she has about 20 bottles of each scent atm BUT whichever scents are the best sellers from this collection will become part of the permanent collection!
the vibes listing and all the new scent descriptions from her Etsy:
YOUTHFUL- is a blend of cream soda and skin milk it’s has the essence of a soda cream musk! Not overly sweet and very layer worthy to add a soft non-aldehydic creamy sparkle to scents. I feel as a preteen I always wore some vanilla bullshit and I am still quite the vanilla bullshit fan!
CHEERY- holy cow i am not a citrus lover at all but I’m in love with this blend, in fact I’ve worn it frequently as my daytime perfume of choice. This is a blend of a sugary iced tea, sugared ginger slices, and lemonade to make the sweetest Arnold Palmer. A barely detectable touch of skin musk to sleek out the vibe. Not too sweet but tons of sugar? I don’t know how but I did it. And y’all love tea so this is sure to cheer you up. And makeup-less Monroe has me swooning...
SHY- why why whyyyy can’t I just bathe in this! This will be permanent for sure as long as I can find more of the star of this blend, which is a arabian musk tahara, these are almost glue-like in texture and each have their own irresistible skin like sweet vibe this one smells like coconut and vanilla so I decided to amp that quality and I slowly cut in a coconut butter note, more of a desert actual butter and coconut not like the odorless oil, and marshmallow fluff. The musks natural vanilla quality sort of does it’s thing. It’s so soft and sweet and lovely with nothing to complicate it.
NO BULLSHIT- straight up red musk superior and my cool finished realistic leather and not a note more was needed, no bullshit!
MISCHIEVOUS- this starts with a dirty oak barrel aged brandy, some smooth sweet African green musk mystifies the blend and caramel apple makes you completely irresistible so you can basically get away with anything. I fucking love this one too! It’s not hyper seasonal even the Caramel Apple note often leans fall-ish.
CRAZY- sweet pistachio moist cake, (non oakmoss) green moss, the creamiest skin musk because you’ve crazily buttered up over and over again and a hefty dose of a gardenia lily perfume. It’s kinda all over the place and fucking delish!
SCHEMING- Salt water taffy blended with a golden amber accord. This is a rich blend of intoxicating ambers from all over that have a golden tone towards them. It smells so good it’s not overly sweet but the salt water taffy certainly adds an unusual twist to these ambers.
PLAYFUL- is a blend of a floral lightly minted musk, I use it as an unusual faint mixing musk sometimes. Next I added orange blossoms, neroli and cognac and it comes off really smooth and bright and well adult-playful though scents are ageless it is less youthful than you may expect a playful blend to be
BOSS- this is my first wine perfume and I definitely made it a boozy Cabernet. It almost gives me a wino drunk just sniffing at it. It’s sassy and bold and I use this Japanese strong lightly floral musk and some juicy rose to top note it off and let the wine remain the star of this blend like the boss it is.
SULTRY- is heady! it starts with a black cherry which I lend a bunch of orchids too and I keep that as the only floral in the blend. Smokey incense, and i added my favorite green Moss this is not an oakMoss, I didn’t want it to lean like a chypre. It’s finished with a beautiful soft Japanese musk which is a little less clean than a China musk and theres a touch of bourbon vanilla. this is not a vanilla scent; it’s quite aloof and carefree!
JOYOUS- is like a day sipping tea at a local bakery wearing your favorite sweet Rosey perfume. It’s got a cake mix note (slightly drier and less creamy cake note) and a sweeeet rose accord and a little bit of an atmospheric bakery vibe that has many elements like wax paper, flour, touches of cocoa.
EXTRA- oh I love this one! it is a blend of a house blend oriental chypre I have yet to pull out in any other scent as of yet. It’s like a chypre noir, sexy and soft. it has a lightly powdery non-baby powder vibe it with some chai tea this one sneaks up on you it comes out spicy and then soft and then sort of sweet
LEAVE ME BE- is a cold scent. It contains a blend of a note that I created by accident I call ‘stone wall’ which is essentially an industrial accord with a little bit of an earthy quality to it and a cooler green tone because it has a mass note. It contains an dark brown lightly animalistic with spice Arabian musk which I mellow out with a smoky oud and I just had to add some patchouli but I decided to go with a light white patchouli, the only thing sweet is a dollop of pistachio paste and then there’s some mud to keep people out of your business is a nice solid strong mud note but it’s blended so beautifully you can’t really tell that it’s there. just adds depth and attitude. Overall this leans a little bit traditionally masculine but this is just alpha style as everything is unisex.
VAIN- sugary spruce, spiced sugary chewy ginger, a classic uncomplicated chypre, and some caramel popcorn. It’s spicy, bold, the spruce makes it a bit cold, the ginger makes her sharp, and she can’t stop sniffing her fabulously interesting self.
EARNEST- Dry, sandy smooth desert like scent with some rose water musk. Lemon and lavender are quiet components that make it genuine and unique, subtle and kind.
SHADE- a stormy atmospheric accord cut with an earthy imported green Indian musk, that’s soft with some herbal qualities that’s blended with a minor touch of shifty animalistic musk. It’s casting a storm over whatever you shading you powerful bitch!
SWAG- rootbeer anyone? Says the babe wearing soft patchouli and violets and royal musks
COY- cotton candy ice cream in a sugar waffle cone and a coy babe wearing the perfect skin musk gardenia perfume
PLEASANT- this so close to my heart as I’d Sade but anyway the notes are a gorgeous soft rose with spices musk from Morocco, some sea minerals (not ocean think more rocks/salt air by ocean) and then some fresh city picked baltimore mulberry pie! It’s like eating mulberry pie at a sandy/yet grassy foragey bay beach on one of those super hot days that take you by surprise in early fall. Mulberries grow wild in Baltimore and I used to have some in the backyard of one of the many places I rented. Kids would knock on our door and ask if they could have some mulberries off the tree and they were so cute and pure about it, and nice to ask! Since the house was empty for ages they were familiar with the yard but still asked. Anyway they got me into mulberries which are a sweet mild berry similar to a blackberry but smaller and a bit grounded/earthy quality, somewhat mild.)
SPACEY- made with my son, Nico. A clear Blue-toned blending musk, blue Egyptian musk, blue cotton candy, skylite blue snowball syrup (another Baltimore thing but think less tropical blue Hawaiian flavor), some marshmallow on top of the snowball (Baltimore thing part 10888) and why not some bread to throw at the ducks while we eat our snowballs (even tho we aren’t supposed to 🤭)
COOL- soft clean cool af iris and a long cashmere sweater with some soft suede boots and vanilla woods to frolic upon
BADASS- dark aged patchouli, extremely dark black musk, and a furry brown loud but grounded musk
WHAT THE FUCK- teal musk, sharp heady Neroli, black as a moonless night coffee, sweetened, no cream, dark 89% cacao chocolate chunks, and wheat bread. It’s like wtf but still affable? I can’t figure out why I like it.., but I do! (teal musk is a blend of african clean mean and green musk, soft sweet Egyptian blue musk)
LOYAL- musk tahara, a mixing 70’s style musk, soft lilies and extra lilacs and a bright sparkle, a pheromonic glow, it ends up being a very unique lilac bright white musk with a skin but better vibe
SWEET- strawberry banana shortcake, sparkle, rose water musk, creamy amber
Dreamy- a rich dry cookie like vanilla, gentle relaxing dry peru balsam, arabian musk tahara, platinum amber white, creamy amber, this is a creamy beige soft lightly sweet ‘nude’ sweet skin musk with the tiniest hint of a sparkly musk bite
SEXY- aged amber resin, and a semi sweet benzoin resin soaked and dissolved in a sandalwood bourbon blend, topped with my favorite imported black musk, leather with the tiniest dust of patchouli, sweet Jasmine sambac cut down by a powdery soft jasmine, imported red musk, agave, more soft musk. This perfume was sexy but it wasn’t enough so I blended in cheesecake and it turned divine and I was like ok, now this is SEXY sexy lol
PERCEPTIVE- an Irish cream musk over a platinum white soft sweet yet strong mysterious amber
BITCHIN’- bourbon vanilla, more Kentucky bourbon, load up the cedarwood, and some charred wood too and give me all the creme fucking brûlée
FIERCE- Neroli, red clay, chewed bubble gum, soft cookie vanilla, a hefty dose of luxurious dasmascas rose, touch of red musk, sugar in the raw, and spruce
CANID- bergamot and lavender over this soft magic dust with its tame aldehydic notes, over a mild amber musk touched by warm spices, tame ozone and light sandalwood with a barely noticeable rose, lotus and lily touch
CYNICAL- sea minerals, oud, patchouli essential oil, black river musk, and dead leaves
SAD- faint perfume of soft roses, violets, tuberose, ylang-ylang, lily-of-the-valley, and rich amber on a skin musk base, covered in tears, elements of ozone lurk quietly
BEAT- planting soil, a Russian earthy brown musk, faint incense buzzing, clay and dust and some ‘I’m toasted’ marshmallow...
CAUTIOUS- blue musk over Egyptian musk with Egyptian blue musk (just in case there’s not enough! That’s 3 musks, to be sure) and a elegant midnight vanilla with quiet dry peru balsam
GLAM- plumerias, ambergris, on a bass of sparkling clean musk
MINDFUL- ylang-ylang with some peru balsam, 3 different types of cedarwood and clove over a mushy brown sugar
SOULFUL- wormwood, moss forest notes, cognac, and exotic spices on a base of sandalwood and sheer dreamy vanilla
MELLOW- blend of a modern fresh dewy musk, Egyptian red musk, sweet pink musk, milky skin glow and more dew, rosewoods and Buddha wood
PRETTY- sweet jasmine, Powdery vanilla accord, Egyptian musk
CHILLING- oakmoss, amber, Italian bergamot, touch of creamy sweetened warm milk by the fireside
SULLEN- decayed areas of the forest in springtime, things were recently fresh but they aren’t getting enough light to flourish. A bit of imported rich earthy green musk, dark NBC woods, aged bark, moist lichen and trees oozing sweet resins
INTUITIVE- oatmeal stout, brown sugar, a rich dark royal musk
RELAXED- (my great-great aunt Edie adams on label) 100% natural blend of bergamot, sage, lavender and rosemary over some rich golden sandalwood dried a bit with my favorite relax note, peru balsam
GOTH- goths are often the sweetest at heart and passionate, they just get the human condition a bit more than most and are coping in their goth ways. This is a rich black musk (one of my fucking favorites) from India and a midnight vanilla (not to sweet but rich and Devine)
PRIMAL- furry musk, animal pheromones on top of human sexy-what what! pheromones, white leather, I salted some of my chypre and added rich imported rare brown deer musk (it’s extracted from musk deer ‘sprayed’ seed pods— no deers were harmed in the process but just trust weird musk process because, it’s out there) the salted chypre makes this blend do something to me! Or is that the load of pheromones?
ON EDGE- aged patchouli and fresh patchouli essential oil, very herbal green amber (almost smells like fresh gasoline at first but it chills so nicely after the initial wet application) dark rich and earth Tunisian amber, more of my favorite imported rich black musk attar from India, saltwater air foggy atmosphere, sweetish african Green musk, moss, and worn out black suede shoes
RESTING BITCH FACE- started with my first amber incense blend which was based on sharp bright amber accord and clean cathedral-esque musk, then I added some middle eastern spices and some of this mentholated floral accord. It’s sharp but it chills and has its moments.
DEVIOUS- 100% natural simple blend of blood orange and patchouli
CHEEKY- cheap but delish grape wine cooler, cotton candy, gummy bears, over some vanilla supreme drugstore lotion
CAMPY- agave sweetens this intensely fruity blend of lemon & lime, honeydew, watermelon with a touch of bergamot all over top of the perfect soft yet bright and lightly sweet and sexy but very uncomplicated musk base, it’s a veryyy fruity melony citrus surprisingly wearable blend
PSYCHIC- stone black amber, red musk superior, Nerolina essential oil, blood orange essential oil, frankincense e.o. And some ginger e.o.
FEMME FATALE- royal musk and sweet honey like you stick to red musk, dosed with heavy Damascus rose, smothered in bourbon vanilla, tobacco with a patchouli bite
CONFIDENT- classic top note of Orange blossom, soft neroli, with aldehydes gardenia, with mid notes of clary sage, bergamot, orris, narcissus, and a base of oakmoss sandalwood and golden amber
SLEEPY- faint touches of orris dry paper and leather books, rose toner on my face, clean inviting cotton sheets, and my soft vanilla perfume, and creamy rich vanilla lotion, maybe there’s bourbon by my bedside too? I don’t know, maybe in my single life! this is how I idealize sleeeeepy, my reality is usually on the couch because my baby doesn’t like sleep lol
Edit!!! the last two scents! :
MOOD- resonating warm musk and skin warmed amber is blended with patchouli, spiced muhuhu wood, sandalwoods, Buddha wood, dash of blackened dry suede and dusty vanilla bean. bergamot, lavender and ylang ylang are echoing but it’s mostly about this earthy grounded woodsy musk
ZONKED- sweat, blood and tears. a pulsating body musk that’s ready to....get it.. go to sleep. it’s got a slice of that active sporty musk just cut with exhausted sweaty musk and nuances of booze, old hose watered down perfume, it has that earthy sun kissed rust vibe of water that’s coming out of a warm outdoor hose that’s been unused for far too long

DC Next proudly presents:

HOLIDAY SPECIAL #1: Christmas... Together!

 
By PatrollinTheMojave, AdamantAce, Dwright5252 & MadUncleSheogorath
 
 

Titans Tower, Christmas Day 2020

 
Don sat in a large leather armchair, his feet up on a coffee table and a mug of hot chocolate in his hand. It was a nice blue ceramic that read ‘Captain of the Bird Brigade’ in big red letters.. Titans Tower was quiet this Christmas, just like last year after -. He stopped himself. No point straying to thoughts like that, especially in the holiday season. Instead, he simply sipped at his drink and listened to the warm crackle of a fireplace on the tower’s flatscreen TV. It was a bit lonely, but peaceful.
That peace was suddenly interrupted as an alarm blared through the main room of Titans Tower. The flatscreen’s image flashed from a burning yule log to the message ‘INTRUDER DETECTED’ as a faint red light filled the room. Don heard voices a few feet behind him.
“Aw, James, I thought you turned off the security.”
“Don’t blame me, Jimmy said he would.”
No, voices wasn’t right. It was one voice. Don slowly stood from his chair and turned around. Standing in formation was a trio of young men in identical red-and-white costumes. Don slowly shook his head. “...Christmas themed supervillains? Kids, I think it’d be best if you left.”
The one in the center sneered, “Not happening, Gramps. Word is the Teen Titans are getting back together and there’s a biiig price to stop that from happening. Must be a Christmas miracle though that all I have to fight is some crusty old man and not any real Titans.”
Don exhaled sharply. He tried to keep the holiday spirit with one last appeal, “Look. Turn around now, tell your boss this place was empty and I won’t have to hurt you three.”
The one in the center shook his head. “That’s just it, dork. It isn’t just us three, because I’m Repro! The replicat- gurhk!”
Don punched the villain square in the throat and for a moment, his two identical friends were stunned. He wasn’t about to give them a moment to catch their bearings. Don whipped his mug towards the villain on the left, splashing its contents over his face. As the scalding hot beverage ran down his cheek, the villain threw his hands over his singed face and groaned in pain.
Don continued with lightning precision, cracking the mug across the final red and white evildoer’s face and sending him to the ground. Their leader seemed to finally recover from Don’s blow to the throat as he started to wind up a punch.
As the fist flew past his face, Don grabbed Repro’s arm and leveraged it until he heard the crunch of bone. The villain fell to the floor, writhing in pain. Don sighed.
“Damnit. That was my favorite mug.”
Don glanced at the pile of injured villains lying on the ground, then at the old Titans christmas tree. It was still standing there after all these years, though a few of the ornaments were starting to gather dust.
Don stuffed his hands into his pockets and began walking towards the phone anchored in the wall. As he dialed 9-1-1, he made a mental note to finally put away that damned tree.
 
 

Titans Tower, Christmas Day 2017

 
It was a cold and dark night in New York City, one of many cold and dark nights. But in the safety of Titans Tower, the Titans were dull to it all. They were young adults now, most of them unable to continue calling themselves Teen Titans, and so - on this Christmas evening together - they celebrated appropriately.
Unapologetically cheesy carols and holiday hits blasted from their speakers as Don Hall danced alongside Karen Beecher, Dick Grayson, Kory Anders, Kyle Rayner and Cassie Sandsmark, all steadily becoming more and more inebriated as the hours passed by. Even 18 year-old Cassie, despite Dick’s best efforts to ‘keep her on the right path’.
As they toasted, jeered and made a mess, doing their best to ignore the gravy-spattered dishes and empty glasses littering the dining table, all was good. Since the Titans had begun years ago, they had had many friends come and go: Garth, Joey, Lilith. They had also been unfortunate enough to lose friends along the way, with the team’s grief for Don’s brother Hank still fresh. But as the year came to a close, the remaining Titans did what they did best. They pulled together.
Though one thing ate at the scientific prodigy Karen Beecher, otherwise known as Bumblebee. And while the rest of the team enjoyed the warmth of the tower, she stepped out onto the balcony for some space. Then, when she breathed in the sharp, wintry air, she couldn’t hold back the tears any longer. And though she tried her best to keep out of the way, she was only out in the cold for a few moments before someone came out after her.
“Karen?” Don asked attentively. “Come inside. It’s cold out here.”
“I can’t.”
Don grinned, “I- I’m sorry?”
“I can’t face them,” Karen brushed her tears, sniffling as the cold reddened her nose. “I can’t tell them.”
Shutting the glass door behind him, Don removed his silvery-blue blazer and slowly wrapped it around Karen’s shoulders. She was only wearing a lacey yellow cocktail dress, hardly appropriate for the season.
Karen took a deep breath and stared out across the city, into Manhattan. She waited for Don to ask her what was up, but it never came. Though his insistence on staying out in the cold with her showed he was waiting to let her share at her own pace. She steadied her breath, a chill running through her, and a melancholy smile lit up her face. “I got a scholarship.”
“Shit!” Don grinned, “Karen, that’s amazing. What for?”
“Full funding for my PhD,” Karen sniffled. “At Ivy University… in New England.”
“Karen… you’re incredible,” Don remarked. “The others… they’ll be overjoyed.”
“They’ll resent me,” Karen spat. “You… the Titans... you took me in last year, helped me... find purpose. And now I’m just leaving, like Garth, like Lilith, like…”
Don blinked.
Karen reached out to him as he tensed up. “You know I didn’t mean that. Don, I’m sorry.”
Don’s eyes began to swell, but he stood resolute. “I miss him, Karen. I really do,” he ached. “Especially this time of year, but… Hank was taken from us. But Garth and Lilith, they… had lives, responsibilities. You have a responsibility too.”
“Yes, I know,” Karen replied. “To the Titans.”
“To yourself,” Don corrected. “And to Hank. My brother died so we could live, and you bet your ass that means living on your own terms. I wasn’t here from the start but… the Titans was never meant to be for forever. Why else do you think they’d put ‘Teen’ in the name. And it isn’t about who the Titans need. It’s about who needs the Titans. And if it’s time for you to move on, spread your wings and all that shit… then it’s time. And you can come back when you need us again.”
Karen paused and looked Don deep in the eyes. She moved towards him and planted a soft kiss on his cheek. She reached for the frosted door handle and smiled. “Let’s make my last Titans Christmas a good one.”
But as they ventured back in out of the cold, little did either of them know that that Christmas was the last ‘Titans Christmas’ for them all.
 
 

Titans Tower, Christmas Day 2016

 
Kiara felt the air flow by her as she meditated. Her thoughts were focused - intent sharpened like a knife. From the vents of Titans Tower, she listened to muffled voices below.
A male. “Kyle, c’mon! We’re gonna be late for our reservation.”
“I’m coming, I’m coming. Hold your horses.”
Footsteps. It would be some time yet until she could act, leaving Kiara with the opportunity to let her mind wander. It had been a cold, unforgiving winter. Sometimes she still missed the warm soil of her homeland, but the image of villagers carrying her mother to the pyre ripped Kiara from the fantasy. She was here now, in New York City. The years of fighting the Teen Titans alongside the rest of the Fearsome Five was beginning to wash away memories of India.
It was why she was here today. The Fearsome Five was trounced by the titans time and time again. Now, they were licking their wounds for the winter holiday. But not her. Pongal was weeks away, if she decided to celebrate at all. Here, now, Kiara would prove herself to the rest of The Fearsome Five. If Titans Tower held the secrets she knew it would, they wouldn’t treat her like a child any longer!
The sound of a door slamming shut pulled Kiara from her thoughts. Now was the time to act. She placed her hand on a vent grate and spoke a short incantation. As it neared completion, the metal slowly bowed outwards until she had clear passage to the ground below. She dropped out of the vent and surveyed her surroundings.
Glittering tinsel was strewn about the loft and behind large panes of glass, snow was beginning the blanket the city streets. A shimmer in the corner of her eye drew Kiara to a large evergreen laden with ornaments across its branches: a robin, a wreath, a lantern, a star, a rune, a rooster, two doves, a moon, a bolt of lightning and a honey bee. One for each of the Titans. She moved in the tree’s direction almost involuntarily, enticed by the sound of crackling fire and the assortment of boxes beneath. The thought that the Titans might be hiding something of importance in one of the boxes briefly crossed her mind.
The heat of the flames was intoxicating. The warmth hitting her icy fingers made Kiara feel nice, secure. It was enough to give her pause. It wouldn’t hurt, after all, to just enjoy it for a moment. She sat a few paces from the hearth, wrapping herself in one of the many blankets strewn around the room. After a deep sigh, a cheerful smile slowly began to creep across her face until- “Jinx?” A woman’s voice asked.
Kiara threw the blanket off and scrambled to her feet, turning to face the source. Draped in a long green shawl was a young woman with flowing auburn hair. Kiara recognized her, “Omen, you-”
The Titan interrupted, “I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to frighten you.”
Kiara was caught off guard. This was an enemy to the Fearsome Five! A Teen Titan! Before she could respond, Kiara felt a strange, alien feeling in her mind while a frown appeared on Omen’s face.
“Oh you poor child…” She whispered before speaking more directly, “The rest of the team went out to eat. We’re alone, and I promise I don’t want to hurt you.”
Kiara wanted to fight, to lash out with a spell, to overcome a Titan in single combat… but there was something about the woman’s voice. A gentle sincerity that overpowered any hostility and soothed her mind.
Omen continued, “If you want to get comfortable, I can make us both some hot cocoa. The others won’t be back for a few hours at least.” Something must’ve betrayed Kiara because a warm smile passed over Omen. “I’ll be right back.”
As the hero turned her back, options flooded into Kiara’s mind. Thoughts of running, of fighting, of calling for backup, but still she stayed, wrapping herself tightly in the blanket until Omen returned.
Omen set a mug of hot chocolate in front of her alongside a small box wrapped in silvery paper. “What...is this?” Kiara asked.
Omen brushed a red curl of hair behind her face. “It’s a present. I got it for Starfire, but I think - well maybe you should have it instead. You don’t have to open it now.”
Kiara lifted the mug to her lips and slowly sipped at it. The sweetness and warmth felt nice. “Thank you.”
“No need to thank me. It’s Christmas, after all!” Omen paused, “Now how about I go grab another blanket and we can watch a movie?”
Kiara didn’t respond, but Omen didn’t seem to take that as a no, instead hurrying off to grab her quilt. It had only taken a few moments, but when the red-haired Titan returned, both Jinx - and the silver present - were nowhere to be seen.
 
 

Titans Tower, Christmas Day 2015

 
The Titans limped into the tower, their costumes soaked in sweat and snow. After responding to the fifth superpowered situation that day, they were finally ready to properly celebrate the holidays.
“You’d think the bad guys would be enjoying Christmas with their fellow gang members,” Joey, the newest member said.
“Welcome to the Titans, where everything’s made up and the holidays don’t matter,” Hank Hall remarked as he brushed the snow off of his shoulders.
“What kind of monster steals from a toy drive?” Kory asked as she flared up briefly, melting the snow on her instantly. “On Tamaran, theft of a child’s property was punishable by death.”
“Honestly, that’s not a horrible idea,” Hank responded.
“I’ll get the hot chocolate started!” his brother Don called out, hitting his brother for his comment and sprinting into the kitchen with a renewed speed. Hank followed hot on his trail, his fist ready to retaliate. Joey placed himself firmly by the fire, where Cassie had already planted herself in a nearby chair.
“Hope we’re not keeping you from family this Christmas,” Cassie said as Joey joined her. “I know my mom was a little upset to lose having me at the dinner table my first Titans holiday, Diana too.”
Garth, who seemed to be enjoying all the snow on him, laughed from a distance. “Arthur couldn’t wait until I was away from him. He told me it’d be helpful to celebrate surface customs if I was going to be here more often. I still remember getting my first Christmas present from Dick and wondering what the catch was. What did you get me again?”
“A goldfish,” Dick responded, two steaming cups of hot chocolate in his hands. “Thought it’d hilarious, but you were too good to that fish.”
“What did you end up naming it?” Jericho asked, declining the cup Dick passed to him.
“I don’t think that’s-”
“Tula,” Dick said coyly, ribbing his friend. Garth begrudgingly took the hot chocolate he was offered and sipped it with a scowl.
“Tree’s getting pretty full,” Lilith said, admiring the ornaments. “Maybe someday we’ll cover the whole tree.” Joey had placed his ornament, a David Bowie Aladdin Sane lightning bolt, in between the hostage situation brought on by the Fearsome Five and the general mayhem started by Technus.
“All I’m saying is, I’m not sharing a bunk with anyone,” Kyle joked, stirring his drink with an emerald spoon constructed from his ring. “New guys will have to fend for themselves if we run out of rooms. My room is a no fly zone.”
“Not that anyone would want to bunk with you, Kyle,” Garth said, surfacing from his brooding. “The stench alone keeps everyone back a hundred yards.”
Everyone laughed as Don entered the room with a large bag of marshmallows.
“Anyone need more mallows?” Don questioned, holding the bag high in the air.
The emergency alert sounded, the red lights flashing in warning. The marshmallow bag went flying as Don jumped from the sound, sending white fluff balls careening through the air.
“Looks like we have another job to do,” Dick said, catching a couple of marshmallows with his cup before placing his hot chocolate on the table. “Titans, together!”
 
 

Titans Tower, Christmas Day 2014

 
A green monster stood before the Titans, ready to deliver whatever it held inside its giant bag. They all couldn’t help but laugh as the creature bellowed out two fateful words.
“Merry Christmas!”
Kyle had constructed an emerald Santa hat that sat comfortably on top of his head, complementing the ornate green furred coat and boots that puffed him up to jolly fat man size. The biggest grin shone through the green beard he conjured for his face as he handed out the presents for the inaugural Titans Secret Santa Extravaganza. The sight was something to behold, surely his way of welcoming three new Titans to their first Christmas at the tower.
The group sat arranged in a circle, with Hank and Don Hall positioned on either side of the Christmas tree while Lilith Clay sat nervously across from it.
“Ho Ho Ho! Here’s a gift for you, young lady,” Kyle said to Lilith, his voice affecting a Santa-like baritone. She tore open the wrapping paper cautiously to discover….
“It’s a… C?” she asked, looking at the strange shape with mild bemusement. Next to her, Garth hung his head in shame.
“It’s supposed to be a crescent moon. You know, your name is Omen… And it’s like a talisman thing for your ornament.” He shook his head. “I guess it means something more in Atlantis than on the surface.”
“Hey, you tried,” Dick said, slapping his friend on the back. “Why don’t you go put that on the tree and officially become a Titan!” Lilith beamed and hugged Garth, who reluctantly returned the embrace. Placing the ornament next to the five already hanging on the colorful tree, Lilith was embarrassed by the applause that erupted from her new teammates.
The Titans had informed the new members of the ornament tradition, saying that the tree stood standing throughout the year to show the camaraderie and togetherness of the team. Each member would place an ornament on the tree when they first joined. Next to Lillth’s crescent moon was a robin (Kyle thought Dick was lazy when he picked his out), an Atlantean rune (something Dick thought looked like a Jesus fish), a stained glass starburst, a golden laurel wreath, and a small green lantern (Dick thought Kyle was lazy when he picked his out).
“Can I just say how crazy it is we now have THREE bird heroes on our team?” Kyle joked as he tossed a newspaper wrapped gift to Hank. “I thought Robin was enough, but now Hawk AND Dove? We should change our name to the Bird Brigade or Winged Wonders!”
“Har-de-har, green guy,” Hank deadpanned. He ripped the package open and revealed an ornament that looked exactly like the cartoon chicken with the Cajun accent.
“I say-I say you’re a mighty fine bird, Hank,” Kyle clucked as he ran from Hank’s fury. As he passed Dick, he dropped the present bag next to him, signifying a change in Santas.
“Ok, who’s next? Cassie! Here’s your gift!” Dick placed a parcel next to Cassie Sandsmark, who looked overjoyed at the idea of receiving a gift. With the patience of a person twice her age, Cassie peeled the tape off the present and unfolded the wrapping paper. Inside lay a sharp metal object, sleekly molded into the shape of a bat. She jumped up and flew over to Dick, lifting him up in a massive bear hug.
“You got me a Batarang! Holy shit! You’re the best!” she yelled, jumping up and down with her secret Santa as the rest of the group laughed.
“Donald, why don’t you open your gift?” Starfire asked as she brought a brightly wrapped present over to him. Smiling nervously, Don opened the present, revealing a beautifully carved rendering of a pair of doves.
“I wanted to make sure your ornament was special, just like you,” Starfire smiled. Don’s face lit up and he leapt to his feet, placing the ornament next to Lillith’s. Hank, having shoved Kyle’s face into the figgy pudding, joined him and put Foghorn Leghorn to the doves’ right.
“Two birds with one stone, huh little bro?” Hank playfully punched Don’s shoulder. The Titans gathered for a picture in front of the tree before they returned to their Secret Santa exchange. Don looked around at his new friends, and finally felt like he was home.
 
 

Titans Tower, Christmas Day 2013

 
Cassie Sandsmark’s footsteps thundered down the steps of Titans Tower. The lifts were too slow for a day like this. She took pause to look across the snow capped vista of Manhattan, its bright lights shimmering through the white. Cassie came to a halt at the correct floor and slammed the door open with an excitable bang.
“WAS HE HERE?!” She shouted, looking at the Titans as they mustered around the tree. At thirteen years old, some might have become dissuaded by the idea of Santa Claus. But not Cassie Sandsmark, not Wonder Girl.
“Oh definitely.” Kyle announced.
The Titans looked back towards her with grins across their faces, Dick, Garth, and Kyle sat on a circular sofa, presents dumped on the floor in front of them. Cassie threw her hands into the air and cheered with joy. She ran forwards, hopping over the back of the sofa and landing in front of the gifts, reading the labels with excitement.
“I can’t believe I’m celebrating Christmas in New York!” Cassie spoke quickly, hyped up.
Dick laughed, and reached forwards to accept a present from her as she thrust it out. It was a box about the size of his hand. “How did Diana take it?”
“Diana- And my mother- weren’t the most enthusiastic.” Cassie shrugged. “But she’s spending a lot of time with Vanessa anyway.”
Dick nodded his head as he began to unwrap the gift, Cassie placing the next one into Garth’s hands. Dick pulled the green ribbon apart, watching it unfurl down the sides, and then cut the wrapping paper aside carefully. The paper gave way to a glass box, containing a broken bracer inside of it, cracked along the length.
“Is this Diana’s?” Dick asked, holding it up to the light. The silver glowed brightly, almost supernaturally.
“It was. Until she got into a fight with Hercules. Not a lot can break Adamantine. But Hercules managed it.” Cassie grinned. Cassie heard a loud ding from within the kitchen, followed by whistling and then, Kory came floating into the room with a large tray of cookies and hot chocolate.
“I hope these live up to your expectations.” Kory smiled, clearing some space on the table to place them. “I can’t say I’ve baked cookies before.”
Cassie reached for them immediately without thought, only for an emerald hand to catch her wrist. “Those are gonna burn you,” Kyle cautioned her.
Garth held up a snowglobe and then shook it, watching the snow fall down onto a miniature Themyscira, suspended in water. Cassie watched him nervously as she held out a gift to Kyle, the one for Kory waiting in her lap. “Do you like it?”
“I love it.” Garth responded, a genuine smile creeping along his features. Cassie sighed with relief as Kyle began to open his.
Kory took a seat beside Dick, leaning forward to take her present in hand. Kyle tore the paper open, finding a series of painting tools and materials within, as well as a guide to pottery. “They’re from Themyscira. I had Diana get them for me…”
Kyle’s eyes brightened. “You mean they’re authentic?”
“Yep!” Cassie’s smile widened even further, and she found herself floating off the ground slightly. Next Kory began opening hers, though first looking to see how everyone else had done it, and began to tear the tape cleanly.
Inside of a cardboard box sat a replica of one of Diana’s tiaras, a round golden band with a curved diamond shape where the forehead would sit, on the center of which sat a large red star in five points. Kory immediately tried it on and stepped over to the window to see how she looked.
“I love this.” Kory smiles.
Cassie sighed with relief and reached for a cookie instinctively, and took a large bite. Immediately she gaped her mouth wide and took a deep sigh, chanting ‘hot hot hot hot!’
Then, as Cassie squirmed, Kyle set his presents aside and looked across to the corner of the living room to the Titans’ Christmas tree. Kept busy by the neverending crime of the city that continued in winter, and scrambling to get everything together for the holidays, the Teen Titans had neglected to even finish decorating the tree. But, as the young heroes tucked in to Kory’s scalding hot cookies, Kyle came to an idea. He grinned and looked back to the rest of the Teen Titans. “Why don’t we all go and put something on the tree? We could make it a tradition. Then, if our group grows… so will the tree.”
The rest of the team began to nod in agreement as Kory spoke up, running through her head what kind of decorations they already had in the tower. “I think that’s an excellent idea.”
And, that day, as a tradition was born, Titans Tower was filled with nothing but laughter and joy.
 
 

Wayne Manor, Christmas Day 2012

 
It was December 25th 2012. Dick Grayson was seventeen year old and sat at the large, luxury wood dining table, having just enjoyed an overblown Christmas roast cooked masterfully by the butler Alfred. Yet, despite the table’s size, many chairs were empty. Alfred Beagle ferried dishes back and forth between the dining room and the kitchen, while nearest to Dick sat the eight year-old Helena Wayne making a fuss about her dessert, and at the head of the table was - of course - Helena’s father and Dick’s guardian Bruce Wayne.
Bruce caught the butler’s eye and grinned a warm grin. While Helena was too distracted to care, Bruce and Alfred listened intently as Dick babbled incessantly to his parental figures about a young Miss Gordon. It was clear to the butler just how enchanted the young Master Grayson was by her, but something else was even clearer to Bruce.
“Dick?” Bruce stopped him between monologues. “Other than the Commissioner’s daughter, do you… have many friends at school?”
Dick paused, caught off guard. “Yh- Yea- Yeah,” he laughed. But as he did, he thought about it. There was Betty, but that had ended painfully and tragically. There was Summer Gleason but… no that didn’t count. He supposed that left him with Babs and then… just Mal. But Mal Duncan was… innocent, ordinary, far removed from the life Dick led at night.
“I only ask because…” Bruce began, “It took me too long to figure out I needed people my own age who I could really be honest with.”
Dick stopped, stumped and at a loss for words. But then Bruce continued.
“I’m having company over for New Years, and Arthur’s bringing someone with him I’d love you to meet.”
And though Dick hadn’t yet met the young Aqualad Garth, in that moment he smiled purely out of the excitement that he was about to. He hadn’t thought of it before, but more and more members of the Justice League were debuting kid sidekicks, and now Dick was struck with a terrible, incredible idea.
 
 
Thanks for reading! We're glad you've joined us on this wild journey from the founding of DCNext earlier this year to now! We have so many great stories we're excited to share with you in 2020 and beyond.
Be sure to check out What's Next? 2020 , where you can talk about what you enjoyed most from the sub this year. Happy holidays, everyone!

I first discovered Fernand Braudel when Tyler Cowen answered the question: "whose entire body of work is worth reading?", placing him next to people like Nietzsche and Hume. It was good advice.
Braudel begins working on his doctoral dissertation in 1923, at age 21, intending to concentrate on the policies of Philip II of Spain in the form of a conventional history. To support himself, he teaches in an Algerian high school for a decade, then at the university of Sao Paulo until 1937. During this period he keeps up with developments in France, especially Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre's Annales School, which focuses on long-term history and statistical data.
In 1934, 11 years after he began, Braudel starts to find quantitative data. Population figures, ship cargoes, prices, arrivals and departures. These will form the basis of his novel, data-driven approach. Five years later, in 1939, he finally has an outline ready.
Then the Nazis capture him. He spends the next 5 years in a POW camp where he writes the first draft of La Méditerranée without access to any materials, mailing notebooks back to Paris. When the war ends, he becomes the de facto leader of the second generation of the Annales School. An additional four years after that, 26 years after he started working on it, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II is published.
The general argument of this work is that history moves at different speeds, and one must distinguish them: the short term (daily events as perceived by contemporaries), the medium term ('economic systems, states, societies, civilisations'), and la longue durée – a perspective of centuries or millennia without which the shorter timeframes cannot be understood.
In the preface, Braudel declares: "I have always believed that history cannot be really understood unless it is extended to cover the entire human past." Civilization and Capitalism is built on similar principles.
The initial seeds for C&C were planted in 1950, when Febvre asked Braudel to contribute to a volume for a series on world history. Braudel would simply provide a summary of existing work on the development of capitalism. But Febvre died before the volume could be completed, and Braudel took responsibility for what turned out to be a three-volume series on capitalism. The first volume came out 17 years after work began, in 1967. The final volume would not be published until 1979.
A good starting point might be what is left out: politics, wars, dynasties, religion, ideology, peoples. The index of maps & graphs gives the reader a taste of what is to come: "Budget of a mason's family in Berlin about 1800"; "Bread weights and grain prices in Venice at the end of the sixteenth century"; "French Merchants registered as living in Antwerp, 1450-1585".
Reading Braudel one gets the impression of an infinite curiosity at work for decades, mining every source for the tiniest piece of data, and then magisterially combining everything together. Despite fairly brutal editing these notes are still way too long, and yet they struggle to capture even a tiny part of the detail and depth that the book contains.
Vol. I: The Structures of Everyday Life
The first volume aims to illuminate every aspect of material life: agriculture, food, dress, housing, towns, cities, energy, metals, machines, animals, transportation, money. Braudel's goal is not simply to examine each of these in isolation, but to show how all the elements of material life interact to form cultures, economies, systems of governance, power structures, long-term cycles or trends. He comes remarkably close to achieving this absurdly ambitious task. For people into worldbuilding this tome is pure gold. The first volume also has the greatest general appeal: unlike the other two which are somewhat esoteric, I think this is a book everyone will love.

In short, at the very deepest levels of material life, there is at work a complex order, to which the assumptions, tendencies and unconscious pressures of economies, societies and civilizations all contribute.

It is here that Braudel shows off his greatest skill, which is the combination of the microscopic with the panoramic. At the top level: Geography. Climate. Land. Crops. ZOOM IN Trading routes. Piracy. Economy. Cities. Technology. And then zoom into minute details like the price of wheat relative to oats in 1351 Paris. He shifts effortlessly between the global, long-term perspective and minute, specific data and anecdotes, combining the two to form a coherent understanding.
The Weight of Numbers

Everything, both in the short and long term, and at the level of local events as well as on the grand scale of world affairs, is bound up with the numbers and fluctuations of the mass of people.

The predominant feature of the ancien régime is malthusianism. From the 16th century on, Europe is constantly on the brink of overpopulation. Epidemics and famines establish balance, and occasional recessions in population create great wealth for the survivors. "Thus in Languedoc between 1350 and 1450, the peasant and his patriarchal family were masters of an abandoned countryside. Trees and wild animals overran fields that once had flourished." France had 26 general famines just in the 11th century; 16 in the 18th.

Famine recurred so insistently for centuries on end that it became incorporated into man's biological regime and built into his daily life. Dearth and penury were continual, and familiar even in Europe, despite its privileged position. [...] Things were far worse in Asia, China and India. Famines there seemed like the end of the world. In China everything depended on rice from the southern provinces; in India, on providential rice from Bengal, and on wheat and millet from the northern provinces, but vast distances had to be crossed and this contribution only covered a fraction of the requirements.

Slowly, expansion and improvements in agricultural productivity doubled the global population, which Braudel calls "indubitably the basic fact in world history from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century".
Almost all of these people live in the countryside. "The towns the historian discovers in his journeys back into pre-nineteenth-century times are small; and the armies miniature." The towns were also great population sinks, drawing in men from the countryside and killing them. Wild animals are everywhere, often a real threat. Even in Europe, which was full of wolves and bears.

A lapse in vigilance, an economic setback, a rough winter, and they multiplied. In 1420, packs entered Paris through a breach in the ramparts or unguarded gates. They were there again in September 1438, attacking people this time outside the town, between Montmartre and the Saint-Antoine gate. In 1640, wolves entered Besancon by crossing the Doubs near the mills of the town and 'ate children along the roads'.

He writes about the global ebb and flow of epidemics over the course of centuries, and how they were aided by global trade. And to illustrate their effect, he brings up statistics like the annual number of plague victims in the town of Strauling between 1623 and 1635 (702). He tells us of Montaigne, who as mayor of Bordeaux fled the town (like all rich people would) and abandoned his post during the 1585 plague. He quotes the diaries of Samuel Pepys ("the plague making us cruel, as doggs, one to another"). He quotes Francois Dragonet of Fogasses, a rich Avignon citizen of Italian origin, whose leases provided for a time when he would be obliged to leave the town (which he did in 1588, during a fresh plague) and lodge with his farmers: 'In case of contagion (God forbid), they will give me a room at the house... and I will be able to put my horses in the stable on my way there and back, and they will give me a bed for myself.' The dead pile up in the streets (Defoe: "for the most part on to a cart like common dung"), the palaces of the rich are looted.

Montaigne tells how he wandered in search of a roof when the epidemic reached his estate, 'serving six months miserably as a guide' to his 'distracted family, frightening their friends and themselves and causing horror wherever they tried to settle'.

Superfluity and Sufficiency: Food and Drink
Diets in this period were almost universally vegetable-based, especially outside Europe, for the simple reason that land devoted to cultivation is much more efficient. Braudel focuses on three major crops: wheat, rice, and maize. These crops sit at the basis of everything: they determine population size, and their required inputs determine labor relations, animal usage (which in turn need their own crops), and so on.

Thus there became established in Europe, with certain regional variations, 'a complicated system of relationships and habits', based on wheat and other grains, which was 'so firmly cemented together that no fissure was possible' according to Ferdinand Lot. Plants, animals and people each had their place in it. In fact the whole system was inconceivable without the peasants, the harnessed teams of animals, and the seasonal labourers at harvest and threshing time, since reaping and threshing was all done by hand. The fertile lowlands called on labour from poor land, inevitably wild highland regions. Innumerable examples (the southern Jura and Dombes, the Massif Central and Languedoc) demonstrate that the partnership was a basic rule of life, repeated on many occasions. An immense crowd of harvesters arrived every summer in the Tuscan Maremma, where fever was so prevalent, in search of high wages (up to five paoli a day in I796). Malaria regularly claimed innumerable victims there.

 

Wheat's unpardonable fault was its low yield: it did not provide for its people adequately. All recent studies establish the fact with an overwhelming abundance of detail and figures. Wherever one looks, from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, the results were disappointing. For every grain sown, the harvest was usually no more than five and sometimes less.

Until very late, agricultural production was fertilizer-limited. In southern Europe half the field would lie fallow every year, and this only really changed after the industrial revolution. Trade happened on local exchanges, which combined with laws against "hoarding" made local shortages problematic. In the 16thC total maritime trade was perhaps 1% of total consumption. White bread was a luxury until the latter half of the 18thC. Flour doesn't keep well, so every town had a mill that worked daily (about 1 mill per 400 people); any interruption eg because of the river freezing immediately created supply problems.

Rice is an even more tyrannical and enslaving crop than wheat.

The key difference between rice and wheat is that the former can produce ~7.3 million kcals per hectare, whereas wheat can only reach 1.5 million. Unlike wheat, there was no need for fallow land, and by the 13thC in China a system of double (or sometimes triple) crop was established. "And thus the great demographic expansion of southern China began."
The high population density created by rice, combined with the necessity for elaborate top-down irrigation systems, resulted in strong state authority that constantly pursued large-scale works.

The problem then is that on one hand we have a series of striking achievements, on the other, human misery. As usual we must ask: who is to blame? Man of course. But maize as well.

While wheat yielded maybe 5 grains for every one planted, maize would yield 150x or more. It grows easily and requires little effort on the part of the farmer (perhaps 50 days per year). "The maize-growing societies on the irrigated terraces of the Andes or on the lakesides of the Mexican plateaux resulted in theocratic totalitarian systems and all the leisure of the peasants was used for gigantic public works of the Egyptian type."
After the discovery of the New World, potatoes and maize flowed back toward Eurasia, but very slowly. It took until the 18thC for maize to see widespread cultivation in Europe. The potato was strongly resisted everywhere, people thought it caused leprosy or flatulence; it only spread rapidly in the face of famine or war.
There is also an enormous region that spans the globe where work is done with a digging stick or hoe, and animals are generally not used. These societies are surprisingly homogeneous:

The world of men with hoes was characterized - and this is the most striking fact about it - by a fairly marked homogeneity of goods, plants, animals, tools and customs. We can say that the house of the peasant with a hoe, wherever it may be, is almost invariably rectangular and has only one storey. He is able to make coarse pottery, uses a rudimentary hand loom for weaving, prepares and consumes fermented drinks (but not alcohol), and raises small domestic animals - goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, chickens and sometimes bees (but not cattle). He lives off the vegetable world round about him: bananas, bread-fruit trees, oil palms, calabashes, taros and yams.

Eating Habits
Prices and therefore diets followed population numbers. Large-scale death from war or plague made meat accessible; overpopulation meant the peasants didn't even eat the wheat they produced.

Things had begun to change in the West by the middle of the sixteenth century. Heinrich Muller wrote in 1550 that in Swabia 'in the past they ate differently at the peasant's house. Then, there was meat and food in profusion every day; tables at village fairs and feasts sank under their load. Today, everything has truly changed. Indeed, for some years now, what a calamitous time, what high prices! And the food of the most comfortably-off peasants is almost worse than that of day-labourers and valets in the old days.

 

The peasant often sold more than his 'surpluses', and above all, he never ate his best produce: he ate millet and maize and sold his wheat; he ate salt pork once a week and took his poultry, eggs, kids, calves and lambs to market.

Spoons and knives were old customs, but the fork dates to the 16thC and spread from Venice.

Anne of Austria ate her meat with her fingers all her life. And so did the Court of Vienna until at least 1651. Who used a fork at the Court of Louis XIV? The Duke of Montausier, whom Saint-Simon describes as being 'of formidable cleanliness'. Not the king, whose skill at eating chicken stew with his fingers without spilling it is praised by the same Saint-Simon! When the Duke of Burgundy and his brothers were admitted to sup with the king and took up the forks they had been taught to use, the king forbade them to use them. This anecdote is told by the Princess Palatine, with great satisfaction: she has 'always used her knife and fingers to eat with'.
The Baron de Tott has left a humorous description of a reception in the country house near Istanbul of 'Madame the wife of the First Dragoman', in 1760. This class of rich Greeks in the service of the Grand Turk adopted local customs, but liked to make some difference felt. 'A circular table, with chairs all round it, spoons, forks nothing was missing except the habit of using them. But they did not wish to omit any of our manners which were just becoming as fashionable among the Greeks as English manners are among ourselves, and I saw one woman throughout the dinner taking olives with her fingers and then impaling them on her fork in order to eat them in the French manner'.

In the West, eggs were accessible to most people, as were cheese and milk. Butter remained limited to Northern Europe. Fish were generally an important source of nourishment, but with large regional variation. The Atlantic coast was particularly advanced in its exploitation of the ocean.

Fish was all the more important here as religious rulings multiplied the number of fast days: 166 days, including Lent, observed extremely strictly until the reign of Louis XIV. Meat, eggs and poultry could not be sold during those forty days except to invalids and with a double certificate from doctor and priest. To facilitate control, the 'Lent butcher' was the only person authorized to sell prohibited foods at that time in Paris, and only inside the area of the Hotel Dieu.

Sugar was brought from the East, with a lot of regional variation in consumption. "In 1800 England consumed 150,000 tons of sugar annually, almost fifteen times more than in 1700." But in other parts of Europe it was virtually unknown. Cultivation of sugar was a labor- and capital-intensive enterprise, and often in sugar colonies there was no space left for any other crops: food had to be imported.
Drinks, stimulants and drugs
Water was generally hard to find. Couldn't be stored on ships, and many cities (like Venice) lacked a real supply and instead relied on filtered rain water and water brought from the mainland. Few aqueducts remained in use, though some were restored in the 15thC (Rome, Paris). Some places used hydraulic wheels to pump water from rivers. The late 18thC saw steam pumps in London and Paris, replacing water-carrying laborers. Snow water was reserved for the wealthy; there was a trade in it, with ships filled with snow moving around the Mediterranean.
Everyone drank wine, and alcoholism was increasingly a problem. The production was generally in the south of Europe, and trade brought it to the north. But it was all new wine, as it did not keep well: regular use of corks would take until the 17thC. The non-wine growing regions had beer, which the south "vigorously opposed". In some areas consumption reached 3 liters per day. "Beer of superior quality was being exported as far as the East Indies from Brunswick and Bremen by the end of the seventeenth century." Cider only started making headway in the 16thC, among the poor. Other civilizations fermented maple juice, agave, or maize.

The great innovation, the revolution in Europe was the appearance of brandy and spirits made from grain - in a word: alcohol. The sixteenth century created it; the seventeenth consolidated it; the eighteenth popularized it.

Stills existed in the West before the 12thC, but things took a while to get going. And the stills would remain primitive until 1773. The drinks started out as medicine. Various guilds fought hard for the privilege of producing Brandy in France. Further north where they had no vines for brandy, grain spirits were most popular. "By the early eighteenth century, the whole of London society, from top to bottom, was determinedly getting drunk on gin."

At nearly the same time as the discovery of alcohol, Europe, at the centre of the innovations of the world, discovered three new drinks, stimulants and tonics: coffee, tea and chocolate. All three came from abroad: coffee was Arab (originally Ethiopian); tea, Chinese; chocolate, Mexican.

Samuel Pepys drank his first cup of tea on September 25, 1660. A century later the English were consuming it by the boatload.
Superfluity and Sufficiency: Houses, Cloths and Fashion
The basic constraint on housing is local materials, and as such houses only change very slowly. Stone mostly for the upper classes; wood (which was gradually replaced by brick) and thatched roof for most people. Earthen dwellings where neither stone nor wood existed. In rural areas they were extremely simple.
Villages were often mobile, "they grew up, expanded, contracted, and also shifted their sites. Sometimes these 'desertions' were total and final - the Wustungen mentioned by German historians and geographers. More often the centre of gravity within a given cultivated area shifted, and everything - furniture, people, animals, stones - was moved out of the abandoned village to a site a few kilometres away."

On 3 February 1695 the Princess Palatine wrote: 'At the king's table the wine and water froze in the glasses.' [...] When the severity of the weather increased, as in Paris in 1709, 'the people died of cold like flies'.(2 March). In the absence of heating since January (again according to the Princess Palatine) 'all entertainments have ceased as well as law suits'.

No fireplaces set in the wall before the 12thC. They spread fast, but the design was deficient and they were not very useful for warming homes. In the early 18thC, new chimney designs utilizing the draught vastly improve the fireplace.
Almost no furnishings or other possessions. "Official reports for Burgundy between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries are full of 'references to people [sleeping] on straw... with no bed or furniture' who were only separated 'from the pigs by a screen'." Outside Europe even chairs were a rarity. In general there was very limited production of such items, and renovations were a large expense even for the rich. The (water-powered) mechanical saw and the plane only came to Europe in the 13thC.
Costume and fashion

Subject to incessant change, costume everywhere is a persistent reminder of social position. The sumptuary laws were therefore an expression of the wisdom of governments but even more of the resentment of the upper classes when they saw the nouveaux riches imitate them.

In societies that remained stable over time, so did dress. China, Japan, even Algiers. "The Indian women in New Spain in Cortes' day wore long tunics, sometimes embroidered, made of cotton and later of wool: and so they did still in the eighteenth century. Male costume, on the other hand, changed - but only to the extent that the conquerors and missionaries demanded clothing decently concealing the nudity of the past." Even in Western Europe in the early 19thC, peasants were still wearing simple coarse cloth that had not changed much for centuries. "In fact, the further back in time one goes, even in Europe, one is more likely to find the still waters of ancient situations like those we have described in India, China and Islam. The general rule was changelessness." The long robes which had persisted from Roman times were only abandoned around 1350.

Tradition was both a strength and a straitjacket. Perhaps if the door is to be opened to innovation, the source of all progress, there must be first some restlessness which may express itself in such trifles as dress, the shape of shoes and hairstyles? Perhaps too, a degree of prosperity is needed to foster any innovating movement?

People in Europe were dirty. In the late 18thC people in Paris might bathe once or twice per year.

The West even experienced a significant regression from the point of view of body baths and bodily cleanliness from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. [...] After the sixteenth century, public baths became less frequent and almost disappeared, it was said because of the risk of infection and in particular the terrible disease of syphilis. Another reason was no doubt the influence of preachers, both Catholic and Calvinist, who fulminated against the moral dangers and ignominy of the baths. Although rooms for bathing survived in private homes for a long time, the bath became a means of medication rather than a habit of cleanliness.

The Spread of Technology: Sources of Energy, Metallurgy

There are times when technology represents the possible, which for various reasons - economic, social or psychological men are not yet capable of achieving or fully utilizing; and other times when it is the ceiling which materially and technically blocks their efforts. In the latter case, when one day the ceiling can resist the pressure no longer, the technical breakthrough becomes the point of departure for a rapid acceleration. However, the force that overcomes the obstacle is never a simple internal development of technology or science, or at any rate not before the nineteenth century.

Energy was the key problem. Coal had been used in Europe since the 11thC and in China perhaps as early as 4000 BC, but it took very long to realize how much potential it had. Instead the sources of energy were human power, animals, wind and water, and wood.
Particularly outside Europe, human power was used to an extreme degree. And cheap labor was a problem for the development of machinery.

The precondition for progress was probably a reasonable balance between human labour and other sources of power. The advantage was illusory when man competed with machines inordinately, as in the ancient world and China, where mechanization was ultimately blocked by cheap labour.

In the Old World, camels and mules were indispensable for transportation. Oxen were everywhere, mostly for working the land but also for transportation. Later farming practices replaced them with horses, but that required improvements in harnesses and other horse technology improvements (and it would take very long for these advancements to spread - "The Chinese were still using wooden saddles and ordinary ropes instead of reins in the eighteenth century.") Lavoisier estimated 1.8 million horses and 3 million oxen in France.

The West experienced its first mechanical revolution in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Not so much a revolution, perhaps, as a whole series of slow changes brought about by the increased numbers of wind- and watermills. The power from these 'primary engines' was probably not very great, from two to five horse-power from a water-wheel, sometimes five, at most ten, from the sails of a windmill. But they represented a considerable increase of power in an economy where power supplies were poor. And they undoubtedly played a part in Europe's first age of growth.

 

The uses of the water-wheel had become manifold; it worked pounding devices for crushing minerals, heavy tilt hammers used in iron-forging, enormous beaters used by cloth fullers, bellows at iron-works; also pumps, grindstones, tanning mills and paper mills, which were the last to appear. We should also mention the mechanical saws that appeared in the thirteenth century.

Watermills provided power for mines, which saw a rise in the 15C: they raised ore, ventilated galleries, pumped water, etc. On the eve of the industrial revolution there were perhaps 500,000 watermills in Europe.
Windmills were a later invention, and the key development was to fit the wheel vertically (as opposed to horizontally, as they had been used in China for centuries), which greatly increased their power. Their uses were not limited to milling; in the Netherlands they drove bucket chains that drained water, a key instrument in draining water to reclaim land.
Wood was important both directly as a source of energy when burned, and as a building material for machines, ships, etc. Huge transportation costs unless it could be floated down a waterway. By the 18thC demand and prices had skyrocketed. "In France in the eighteenth century, it was said that a single forge used as much wood as a town the size of Chalons-sur-Marne. Enraged villagers complained of the forges and foundries which devoured the trees of the forests, not even leaving enough for the bakers' ovens."
As for coal, there were two key locations in Europe: Liege and Newcastle. Newcastle's coal production increased 15x between the mid-16th and mid-17th century.

It was an integral part of the coal revolution that modernized England after 1600, enabling fuel to be used in a series of industries with large outputs: the manufacture of salt by evaporating sea water; the production of sheets of glass, bricks, and tiles; sugar refining; the treatment of alum, previously imported from the Mediterranean but now developed on the Yorkshire coast; not to mention the bakers' ovens, breweries and the enormous amount of domestic heating that was to pollute London for centuries.

 

There was thus an often imperceptible or unrecognized industrial pre-revolution in an accumulation of discoveries and technical advances, some of them spectacular, others almost invisible: various types of gear-wheels, jacks, articulated transmission belts, the 'ingenious system of reciprocating movement' , the fly-wheel that regularized any momentum, rolling mills, more and more complicated machinery for the mines. [...] It is revealing to see how European travellers unfailingly comment on the contrast between the primitive machinery in use in India and China, and the quality and refinement of its products.

 

With the coming of steam, the pace of the West increased as if by magic. But the magic can be explained: it had been prepared and made possible in advance.

Iron

Today production is calculated in thousands of tons; 200 years ago they talked about 'hundredweights', which were quintals, the equivalent of fifty present-day kilograms. That is the difference in scale. It divides two civilizations. As Morgan wrote in 1877= 'When iron succeeded in becoming the most important production material, it was the event of events in the evolution of humanity.'

In 1800 metallurgy was still mostly traditional, the economy was dominated by textiles. Metallurgical products other than luxury items did not travel.

We are speaking of the period before the first smelting of steel, before the discovery of puddling, before the general use of coke for smelting, before the long sequence of famous names and processes: Bessemer, Siemens, Martin, Thomas. We are speaking of what was still another planet.

There were two major advances: an early one in China which stagnated by the 13thC, and the later one in Europe leading up to the industrial revolution.

After two smeltings in the crucible, the product obtained enabled the Chinese to cast ploughshares or cooking pots in series - an art that the West discovered only some eighteen or twenty centuries later. [...] Another triumph of Asiatic smelting by crucible was the manufacture - thought by some to be of Indian origin, by others Chinese - of a special kind of steel, 'high quality carbonized steel', as good as the best hypereutectoid steels made today. The nature of this steel and the secrets of its manufacture remained a mystery to Europeans until the nineteenth century. [...] What is so extraordinary is that after this incredibly early start, Chinese metallurgy progressed no further after the thirteenth century. Chinese foundries and forges made no more discoveries, but simply repeated their old processes. Coke-smelting if it was known at all - was not developed. It is difficult to ascertain this, let alone explain it. But Chinese development as a whole poses the same problem time after time: veiled in mystery, it has not yet been resolved.

In Europe, the water-wheel was crucial in the development of iron-smelting, starting with blast furnaces in the 14thC. Water powered enormous bellows and pounding devices - ironworks had to move from forests to riversides. Generally everything was made in small workshops with a master and 3 or 4 workers, but these tended to be concentrated: Brescia had perhaps 200 arms factories.
The Spread of Technology: Revolution and Delays

Innovations penetrated only slowly and with difficulty. The great technological 'revolutions' between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries were artillery, printing and ocean navigation. But to speak of revolution here is to use a figure of speech. None of these was accomplished at breakneck speed, and only the third - ocean navigation - eventually led to an imbalance, or 'asymmetry' between different parts of the globe.

Gunpowder
Produced in China from the 9thC. In Europe, it took to the 14-15thC for pieces to become larger and gunpowder cheaper. Mobility was an issue, large teams of horses needed to move them. Early cannons fired on walls almost at point-blank range. Defense design changed from stone ramparts to earthworks. Installed on ships very early on, by late 14thC all English ships had some artillery. But it was a bit of a mess, and cannon-ports were not a regular feature up to the 16thC. Arquebuses appear in the 15thC, slow and cumbersome. Muskets a bit later, similar issues. Only with the rifle at the start of the 18thC we start seeing large changes.
The new warfare has huge costs, favoring centralization and rich states: independent cities are eliminated. Gunpowder is a huge part of this expense. In the late 16thC, Venice had gunpowder in store that cost more than the entire annual receipts of the city.
Paper and Printing
A similar story to gunpowder. Originally developed in the East. Industry took off by the application of water-wheel power to manufacture. "The invention travelled round the world. Like gunners looking for hire, printing workers with makeshift equipment wandered at random, settled down when the opportunity offered and moved on again to accept the welcome of a new patron." Spread fairly quickly around Europe at the end of the 15thC. Perhaps 20 million books printed before 1500 (for a population of 70 million). A key ingredient in 16thC humanism (spreading Greek/Latin thought and mathematics), and later the reformation and counter-reformation.
Ocean Navigation
"The conquest of the high seas gave Europe a world supremacy that lasted for centuries." It also presents a problem: why was this technology not diffused into other cultures?

The Chinese junks, despite their many advantages (sails, rudders, hulls with watertight compartments, compasses after the eleventh century, and a large displacement volume from the fourteenth), went as far as Japan but did not venture beyond the Gulf of Tonkin to the south.

Shipbuilding technology in Europe drew from diverse traditions. The 15thC Portuguese caravel was a marriage of north and south. There was a fairly long history of exploration: the Faroes and Greenland were found multiple times in the first millenium. The Vivaldi brothers attempted to reach the Indies at the end of the 13thC, but were lost at sea. In the 15thC the Chinese started making some voyages of exploration under the Muslim eunuch admiral Cheng Huo. The seventh and last voyage reached Hormuz. Then everything just stopped.

The Atlantic consists of three large wind and sea circuits, shown on a map as three great ellipses. The currents and winds will take a boat in either direction with no effort on its part, as both the Vikings' circuit of the North Atlantic and the voyage of Columbus demonstrate.

For this to be achieved, "Europe had to be aroused to a more active material life, combine techniques from north and south, learn about the compass and navigational charts and above all conquer its instinctive fear." Perhaps the growth of Capitalist forces was what made these voyages possible. But it was not entirely a matter of money: both China and Islam were rich societies at the time.

What historians have called the hunger for gold, the hunger to conquer the world or the hunger for spices was accompanied in the technological sphere by a constant search for new inventions and utilitarian applications - utilitarian in the sense that they would actually serve mankind, making human labour both less wearisome and more efficient. The accumulation of practical discoveries showing a conscious will to master the world and a growing interest in every source of energy was already shaping the true face of Europe and hinting at things to come, well before that success was actually achieved.

Transport

Up to the eighteenth century, sea journeys were interminable and overland transport went at snail's pace. [...] The 'defeat of distance', as Ernst Wagemann calls it, was only to be achieved after 1875, with the laying of the first intercontinental cable. True mass communication on a world scale did not appear until the age of the railway, the steamship, telegraph and telephone. Very little changed in terms of the means of transportation across this time. Paul Valery pointed out that 'Napoleon moved no faster than Julius Caesar'. Stone/paved roads increased speeds a bit, but these long remained exceptions. The 18C saw improvements with paved roads + stagecoaches, prefiguring the railway. These were the result of large-scale investment, what economic growth made possible in practice what was possible technically much earlier.

Roadside inns and staging houses important. Typically these had to be reached by evening. "A Neapolitan traveller described these inns more simply in 1693: 'They are nothing but... long stables where the horses occupy the central part; the sides are left for the Masters.' [...] Amenities and speed were the privileges of populated and firmly maintained, 'policed', lands: China, Japan, Europe, Islam."
Sea routes were fixed, being dependent on winds. Water was more efficient of course (perhaps even by a factor of 100), so a waterway brought activity to the areas around it.
Money

The same process can be observed everywhere: any society based on an ancient structure which opens its doors to money sooner or later loses its acquired equilibria and liberates forces that can never afterwards be adequately controlled.

Barter remained the general rule over most of the globe up to the 18th century. Depending on local conditions barter could be partially replaced by primitive currencies such as cowrie shells. Often a highly valued/circulated commodity plays the role of money, for example salt in Senegal. Iceland had dried fish, Alaska and Russia furs. Other places used cloth, gold dust, copper bracelets, animals, sugar, cocoa. In some places these lasted for a very long time: Corsica "was not annexed by a really efficient monetary economy until after the First World War."
And early metallic money faced problems with speculation, only existed in large denominations, and was often scarce. The limitations meant that the coins barely touched the masses. Japan, India, Islam, and China were familiar with coinage from early on. China even experimented with paper money from the 9th to the 14thC, but hyperinflation ruined the system. Afterwards China used cumbersome copper and lead coins, with silver for higher level transactions.
In Europe the metals used were typically gold, silver, and copper. When and where these were used depended on the economy, the relative values of the metals, etc.

Their production was irregular and never very flexible, so that depending on circumstances, one of the two metals would be relatively more plentiful than the other; then, with varying degrees of slowness, the situation would reverse, and so on. This resulted in upsets and disasters on the exchanges, and led above all to those slow but powerful fluctuations which were a feature of the monetary ancien regime. It is a well-known truth that 'silver and gold are hostile brothers'.

In general the flow of specie after the age of exploration was from the New World and Europe, and into the Indies and China, as that is what the Europeans exchanged for commodities from the East.

The 'jingle of coin' thus found its way into everyday life by many different paths. The modern state was the great provider (taxes, mercenaries' pay in money, office-holders' salaries) and recipient of these transfers; but not the only one. Many people were well placed to benefit: the tax-collector, the salt-tax farmer, the pawnbroker, the landowner, the large merchant entrepreneur and the 'financier'. Their net stretched everywhere. And naturally this new wealthy class, like their equivalent today, did not arouse sympathy.

You're probably gonna not like these, but it's cool.
3683.(Board Game Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Boggle not overlapping?(Do any of the letters look off?)
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/519dpjmQ2WL.jpg
3684.(Board Game Logo change.)Do you remember the second N not going behind the game piece in Connect 4?(Do any of the other logos look off?)
https://s3.amazonaws.com/rapgenius/connect-4.jpg
3685.(Board Game name change.)True Dare/True-Dare/Tru Dare/Tru-Dare(Was there not people in the logo?)
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/91%2BThKhocxL._SY355_.jpg
3686.(Board Game Logo change.)Do you remember the L and U in Clue not being connected?(Does the U look off?)(Any of the other logos look off?)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ca/Clue_mobile_game.jpg
https://www.hasbro.com/common/productimages/en_CA/9bcb9c5e50569047f5056d1166c5961e/0632D49150569047F5F4A9F9BD4DABCD.jpg
http://gamevuze.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Clue.jpg
3687.(Company Logo change.)Do your remember the H and A in Hasbro not being connected?(Was the A closed at the top?)
https://discogslabs.imgix.net/films/583f5b444d439e002cc8d493.jpg?s=d4c2e1ddcb397bab912dbc226f78c8b3
Add-On: Does the A in Sega look off to you?(Do any of the other letters look off?)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/SEGA_logo.svg/1200px-SEGA_logo.svg.png
3688.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember the pecan not being a fruit?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan
3689.((New movie.)Do you remember Lava not existing?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_(2014_film)
3690.(Board Game Logo change.)Do you remember the O in Trouble being normal?(Any of the other logos look off?)
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/aplusautomation/vendorimages/1e0185ac-6137-4e0a-b5de-59ea0c309c51.jpg._CB319582391_.jpg
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/517FaUA5piL._SL500_AC_SS350_.jpg
3691.(Board Game name change.)Let's Go Fishing/Let's Go Fishin/Let's Go Fishin'
http://www.toysrus.com/buy/classics/let-s-go-fishin-game-pr0055-29311656
3692.(Expression change.)"Here it goes."/"Here goes."(The latter was not acceptable.)
https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/180272/what-is-the-difference-between-here-goes-and-here-it-goes
3693.(Expression change.)"Inside joke"/"Inside-joke"/"In joke"/"In-joke"(In-joke was not acceptable.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-joke
3694.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember there being a particle named after Nelson Mandela?(Woodpecker?)(Spider?)(Apartment?)(Horse?)(Orchid?)(Computer Game?)(Street?)(Other buildings?)(Park?)(Other flowers?)(Postage Stamp?)
http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/12/world/africa/south-africa-mandela-tributes/index.html
Add-On: Do you remember certain Little Debbie products having slanted Es?(Other slanted letters?)(Connected letters?)(Overlapping letters?)
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/97/ff/04/97ff046406e2757288aa7b4772ac9356.jpg
http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1200528/images/o-LITTLE-DEBBIE-facebook.jpg
http://sweets.seriouseats.com/images/2014/03/20140312-snack-cakes-little-debbie.jpg
http://forthemommas.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Little-Debbie-Family-Pack1.png
3695.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember the Es being slanted in Voortman products?(Do the dots in Is look off?)(Anything else off?)
https://jd48p16uwhl2mry6ox17qsj-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/CHOCOLATE-CHIP-ROLLPACK_CDN.png
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/36/01/29/360129a71fd87ead3be4f96348cd799e.png
https://guideimg.alibaba.com/images/shop/102/01/26/1/voortman-shortbread-cookies-7-1-oz_3209041.jpg
http://www.islandssuperstore.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Voortman-Coconut-Cookies-1.jpg
http://www.groceries-express.com/images/60000/67312/00799/6731200799CF.GIF
http://www.mommykatandkids.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/voortman-cookies.jpg
3696.(Board Game Logo change.)Do you remember the E in Words With Friends not being slanted?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_with_Friends
3697.(Board Game Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Chutes And Ladders being connected?(Do any of the other logos look off?)(Anything else off?)
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/5128EDM69RL._SY355_.jpg
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51N8PP914JL._SX342_.jpg
3698.(Weight Scale Logo change.)Do you remember the O in Health O Meter being normal?
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as88c4fc8e-a9d1-42ca-8cd7-c3d2f2d19787_1.b39e761b37658082228d15185d4cc676.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
3699.(Video Game Logo change.)Do you remember the O in Crossbow in The Legend Of Zelda: Link's Crossbow Training being normal?
https://static.giantbomb.com/uploads/original/0/6384/614093-linkscrossbowtrainingboxart.jpg
3700.(New t.v. show.)Do you remember Twin Peaks not existing?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks
3701.(New t.v. show.)Do you remember Rick And Morty not existing?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_and_Morty
Add-On: Do you remember the Ford logo being different than it is now?(Has it changed again?)
https://social.ford.com/content/dam/fordsocial-demo/common/logo/ford-logo.svg
3702.(T.V. Channel Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Showtime being connected?(Anything else off?)(Do any of the other logos look off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)
3703.(Product Logo change.)Do you remember the dot in the I in Skinny Pop(Do the Os in Pop and Popcorn look off?)
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71k9hYxqpCL._SL1500_.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember certain Malt-O-Meal products not having overlapping letters?(Were the letters more aligned properly?)(Was the dot in the I normal in certain products?)(Anything else off?)(Was the E in Meal not slanted?)
https://www.postconsumerbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MaltoMeal_ChocolateMarshmallowMateys.png
http://www.mrbreakfast.com/cereal/c_423.jpg
https://target.scene7.com/is/image/Target/13166182?wid=520&hei=520&fmt=pjpeg
https://guideimg.alibaba.com/images/shop/102/01/26/2/malt-o-meal-berry-colossal-crunch-cereal-15-oz_2896932.jpg
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as70100445-17d4-4198-b8c1-dab000ff2c3f_1.acda035fa76b6e6dc837fa7f0fd579b8.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=ffffff
https://www.postconsumerbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MaltoMeal_CornBursts.png
http://mombrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/FRM_3D-550x380.png
http://www.bluemaize.net/im/bags/malt-o-meal-cereal-bags-4.png
https://www.postconsumerbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MaltoMeal_CocoRoos.png
https://www.postconsumerbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/product-image-cocoa-dyno-bites.png
https://www.postconsumerbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/0035_MaltoMeal_FrenchToasters_Package.png
https://www.postconsumerbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MaltoMeal_CornBursts.png
http://wac.450f.edgecastcdn.net/80450F/mychannel957.com/files/2014/03/honey-buzzers.png
http://www.rakinginthesavings.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/malto2-300x155.png
Add-On: Do you remember certain Walmart products having normal letters?(Did the letters not overlap with the logos in certain products?)(Pudding?)(Butter?)
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as52c184bc-1d2d-40e0-bce1-3111e4ffc352_1.c60285a2fe604a1bbf466508581f81f3.jpeg
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as66dbb0b0-0bc1-4ede-9728-cd601c01ddf8_1.0d4f01d7e49f6b4bc458c19d1004e891.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as3f11783c-ea60-432a-8bc4-8d5d92fbb455_1.50ed1cefe54f1de7a43d6365c0431318.jpeg
https://i5.walmartimages.com/asd1d2e282-8b1e-4a3a-9f74-bee10adfecc3_1.c9274a3e96ccbe2d365195febc5c3228.jpeg
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as02407797-0d57-4f9d-9350-56c84c2596c6_1.31fa88f4c7c32a3f8469bb6fb9e75709.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as76da5f49-9df9-4594-b420-c90075b48a8a_1.0dd6c88c512d4745703bd1fd918c8a16.jpeg
https://i5.walmartimages.com/asa6e3a029-238a-401f-8f44-8ec12279b442_1.13ed1b2e5f5fc1d16e28442ec937418d.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as3295171a-279e-4360-be3e-d8454087851b_1.adb1d2f1b9b0304db9b754b18570cecb.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as7dbed62e-853a-43fc-981e-3be2f68d5da4_1.35471c982efec408d7c2f9f9ca769a72.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
Add-On: Do you remember the O in Num Noms being normal?
http://www.toysrus.com/graphics/product_images/pTRU1-23515831enh-z6.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the letters in Toys "R" Us being more aligned properly?
http://assets.toysrus.com/images/logo.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the letters in Fruity Pebbles not overlapping?(Cocoa Pebbles?)(Other cereals?)
https://www.postconsumerbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/0003_Fruity-Pebbles-1.png
https://www.postconsumerbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/0002_Cocoa-Pebbles.png
Add-On: Do you remember the dot in the I in Chex Mix being normal?
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/98/Traditional_Chex_Mix.png
Add-On: Do you remember the K in Bear Naked being normal?(Does the other logo look off to you?)
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71ngwNzAItL._SL1500_.jpg
https://www.images-iherb.com/l/BRK-10165-1.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the phenomenon being called "Mandala Effect" or "Mandala Affect"?
https://www.theodysseyonline.com/14-mandela-effect-examples-that-will-mess-with-your-brain
3704.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the E in Cool Gear not being slanted?(Anything else off?)
http://image.11st.my/g3/0/9/5/7/6/1/31095761_A2.jpg
3705.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember there not being trees that pass gas and avoid touching each other?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryobalanops_aromatica
3706.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Nelson being connected?(Was the O normal?)
https://www.sprinklerwarehouse.com/v/vspfiles/images/buyers_guide/chart_graphics/img_spray_header_nelson.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the O in Dole not having a sun in it?(Do you remember the letters not touching?)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Dole_Logo.svg/1200px-Dole_Logo.svg.png
Add-On: Do you remember the F in Four Loko being normal?
https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/5C4C/production/_91182632_gettyimages-106159257.jpg
3707.(Video Game name change.)Gun Smoke/Gunsmoke/GunSmoke/Gun.Smoke
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun.Smoke
Add-On: Do you remember the A and R in Warner Bros. not being connected in the older logo?(Was there not a dash between the W and B?)(Anything else off with any of the logos?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures/Other
3708.(Perfume Logo change.)Do you remember the As in Vanilla Fields not being upside down Vs?(Were the N and I not connected?)(Anything else off?)(Was it Vanilla Field?)
https://i5.walmartimages.ca/images/Large/_43/188/43188.jpg?odnBound=460
Add-On: Do you remember the H and T being connected in the older Bud Light logo?
http://www.farrelldistributing.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/022013_budlight_logo.jpg
3709.(Yogurt Logo change.)Do you remember the As in Activia not having closed lines?(Were the I and second A not connected?)
https://i5.walmartimages.com/asceaf2c3c-27d4-40b5-b262-4700665975a3_1.7efa3b440cf307b59b05229684d79b8c.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
3710.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the A in Dannon being different?(Was the O different?)
http://www.dannon.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/logo-dannon-ourbrands-bigger.png
3711.(Movie Logo change.)Do you remember the E, A and D in Coneheads being connected?
https://scdn.nflximg.net/images/5490/2425490.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember Adolf Hitler's eyes being blue in all traces of history?(Did they not appear to be brown again?)
https://metrouk2.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/ad_161888246.jpg
3712.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember earwigs not having wings?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vui0XazT2c8
3713.(Celebrity death cause change.)Do you remember Elvis Presley dying of a drug overdose instead of a heart attack?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley
3714.(Famous President name change.)Ronald Regan /Ronald Reagan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan
3715.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember MoneyBags73 doing a video on the "Interview With A Vampire" Mandela effect?
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9UcVrqliU0sjnM6DvoGJNg
3716.(Product Logo change.)Do you remember the Es in Riverton, Lemon and Juice in Riverton Orchards Lemon Juice not being slanted?
https://www.dollartree.com/assets/product_images_2016/styles/xlarge/918912.jpg
3717.(T.V. Show Logo change.)Do you remember the O in The Bachelor being normal?(The Bachelorette?)(Was bachelorette an actual word?)
https://casting.bachelor.warnerbros.com/images/the_bachelor_casting_header.jpg
https://cdn1.edgedatg.com/aws/v2/abc/TheBachelorette/showimages/1de04f58f560408645da7969ba3f1510/640x180-Q100_1de04f58f560408645da7969ba3f1510.png
Add-On: Do you remember the P in Patreon being normal?(Was the A normal?)(Was the T normal?)(Anything else off?)
https://camo.githubusercontent.com/f08e94fba6e1787db74c72f518dd8625ebda8980/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f70617472656f6e5f7075626c69635f6173736574732f746f6f6c626f782f70617472656f6e2e706e67
3718.(Video Game Logo change.)Do you remember some of the Final Fantasy logos having connected letters?
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Final_Fantasy
3719.(Movie Logo change.)Do you remember the A in Wild Card being normal?
http://www.filmandtvnow.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/WILDCARD_1SHT.jpg
3720.(Logo change.)Do you remember the M and Y in My Little Pony being connected?(Were the P and O normal?)(Anything else off?)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/My_Little_Pony_G4_logo.svg/1200px-My_Little_Pony_G4_logo.svg.png
3721.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember there not being palm trees in Ireland?
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/palm-trees-in-ireland-36548780/
Add-On: Do you remember the T in the original LG logo not having the left side cut off?(Does the D look off?)(Does the A look off?)(Does the R look off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/LG_Corporation
3722.(Can't think of a title.)Does the R in the MPAA logo look off to you?
http://s3.amazonaws.com/pathwayimages/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/20235717/ratedr.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the Rs in Victoria's Secret not having a curved line?
https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-939708eaa274b1ae68521cdeb81199be
3723.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the A and M in Amblin not being connected?
http://amblinpartners.com/wp-content/themes/amblin-partners/images/amblin_entertainment.svg
Add-On: Do you remember the R and I in Orion not being connected?(Do you remember them not being cuts in the letters?)
http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/b/bf/Orion_pictures_logo_vector_by_edogg8181804-d8z2f26.png/revision/latest?cb=20151117025430
Add-On: Do you remember the R and A in National Geographic not being connected?
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/content/dam/ngdotcom/rights-exempt/misc/National-Geographic-Logo.ngsversion.1474040243902.adapt.1900.1.jpg
3724.(Movie Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Pirates Of The Caribbean not being connected?(Did the Rs have closed lines?)(Did the Bs have closed lines?)
http://www.aicdedu.com.au/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/pirates-of-the-caribbean-logo.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the letters in Curad not being connected?(Other logos look off?)
http://www.myfreeproductsamples.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Curad-Sheer-bandages.gif
Add-On: Do you remember the R and A in Raisinets not being connected?(Do the Ss look off?)
http://www.carrievines.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/raisinettes-movie.jpg
3725.(Movie Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Jurassic Park not touching?
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/96/Jurassic_Park_logo.jpg
3726.(Product Logo change.)Do you remember the R, A and I in Craisins not being connected?(Anything else off?)
http://www.oceanspray.com/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=21b08d45-befb-40a6-acd5-f2dcf01738e1
3727.(Hotel Logo change.)Do you remember the S and T in Best Western being connected?(Were the B and W not connected?)(Do any of the other logos look off?)(Do the Ts look off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Best_Western
3728.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the K and Y in Mary Kay being connected?(Do the Ys look off?)(Did the R have a closed line?)(Was the R not curved?)(Do any of the other letters look off?)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kay
3729.(Wipe Logo change.)Do you remember the U and T in Shout being connected?
http://couponkarma.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/shout-wipes.jpg
3730.(Cleaner Logo change.)Do you remember the K and A in Kaboom being connected?
https://target.scene7.com/is/image/Target/12856585?wid=520&hei=520&fmt=pjpeg
3731.(Beer Logo change.)Do any of the letters in Michelbob look off to you?(Do you remember the R and A in Ultra being connected?)(Did the R have a closed line?)
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/E5MPNobzhkLOH7xcZxrEV5lX0pe9xA4-T7frJAWmwq0qBouf3iIGMKV7OsOqbg6gfeaaY5ob5dWnH_Vi5G0t9lZBIclp=s750
3732.(Fictional Character appearance change.)Do you remember Patrick Star having spots all over him?
https://vignette1.wikia.nocookie.net/russmarrs2-rise-of-sqeegee/images/c/cf/Patrick.png/revision/latest?cb=20140927015457
3733.(Supermarket name change.)Woolworth/Woolworth's/Woolworths(Do you remember the R and T being connected?)(Anything else off?)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_Supermarkets
3734.(T.V. Show name change.)The A Team/The A-Team(Does the Cylon scene in the intro to the show look off to you?)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A-Team-Logo.svg/1200px-A-Team-Logo.svg.png
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MVonyVSQoM
3735.(Fictional Character appearance change.)Do you remember KARR having a white stripe on the bottom instead of solid colors?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KARR_(Knight_Rider)
3736.(Dog Food name change.)CeasaCesar(Were the letters not connected?)(Was the E not slanted?)
https://www.dogfoodadvisor.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/cesar-classic-filet-mignon.png
3737.(Music Lyrics change.)"Pleased to meet you. Won't you guess my name."/"Pleased to meet you. Hope you guess my name."
https://genius.com/The-rolling-stones-sympathy-for-the-devil-lyrics
3738.(Music Lyrics change.)"The colors of the rainbow, so pretty in the sky, are also on the faces of people going by."/"The colors of the rainbow, so pretty in the sky, are also on the faces of people passing by."
https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/louisarmstrong/whatawonderfulworld.html
3739.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember certain things being extinct or certain things not being around as long as they've been now?(Are some of the species new to you?)(Faceless fish?)(Moonlight Tiger?)(Saki Monkey?)(Black-Footed Tree Rat?)(Winged Loosestrife?)(Oldest photo of U.S. president?)(Oldest known human civilization?)(Was the date in which humans occupied the earth more recent than it is now?)
http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/faceless-fish-rediscovered-in-australia-after-not-being-seen-since-the-1870s/
https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/thylacine-survey-are-we-going-to-rediscover-the-moonlight-tige
https://news.mongabay.com/2017/08/monkey-rediscovered-in-brazil-after-80-years/
http://www.benningtonbanner.com/stories/flower-once-thought-extinct-in-vermont-is-rediscovered,514963
http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/black-foot-tree-rat-australia-rediscovered-found
http://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/heiltsuk-first-nation-village-among-oldest-in-north-america-archeologists
http://gizmodo.com/lost-for-over-a-century-this-is-now-the-oldest-known-o-1797971823
3740.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember Julius Caesar being the first emperor of Rome instead of Augustus?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors
3741.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember Kurt Cobain wearing a pink coat instead of a leopard print coat in his iconic photo?
https://www.thefashionisto.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Kurt-Cobain-Style-Photo-Sunglasses-Leopard-800x952.jpg
3742.(New species.)Have you heard of the Firebird Fish?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG9oign0EiM
3743.(YouTube Channel name change.)Facts/Facts.
https://www.youtube.com/usefacts
3744.(YouTube Channel name change.)JohnTronShow/JonTronShow(Other names?)
https://www.youtube.com/useJonTronShow
3745.(YouTube Channel name change.)Shane/shane(Other names?)
https://www.youtube.com/useshane
3746.(YouTube Channel name change.)Basketofcups/_Basketofcups(Other names?)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqMaKx_wazi48TStXJTbV2A/videos
3747.(Music Lyrics change.)"I went down to the crossroads, fell down on my knees."/"I went down to the crossroads, fell down on my knee."/"I went down to the crossroad, fell down on my knees."/"I went down to the crossroad, fell down on my knee."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE9HvSdcaL4
3748.(Music Lyrics change.)"Save me if you please."/"Save me if you plead."(Take me?)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE9HvSdcaL4
3749.(New species.)Have you heard of bioluminescent fungi?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bioluminescent_fungus_species
3750.(New species.)Have you heard of the Purple Pig-Nosed Frog?
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4824450/Pig-nosed-frog-PURPLE-skin-discovered-India.html
3751.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember the Babylonians not inventing trigonometry?
https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/26/16209080/ancient-clay-tablet-babylonian-math-trigonometry-archeology
3752.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember there being preserved Roman ruins in France?
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/france-roman-neighborhood-sainte-colombe-vienne.html?mcubz=0
3753.(Abbreviation change.)Federal Emergency Management Administration/Federal Emergency Management Agency
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency
3754.(Insect name change.)Honey Bee/Honeybee(The latter wasn't acceptable.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee
3755.(Insect name change.)Bumble Bee/Bumblebee
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee
3756.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the A and L in Alaska USA being connected?(Were the Es not slanted in Federal Credit Union?)(Was the K normal?)
http://www.rentonreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/web1_031717-alaska.jpg
3757.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember MMA kidney strikes not being legal?(Did they actually hit the kidneys?)
https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/12/28/14084140/doctors-commissions-disagree-on-mmas-new-kidney-strike-unified-disunified-rules-abc-ufc
3758.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember the martial arts nose hit being fatal?
https://martialarts.stackexchange.com/questions/4359/a-straight-punch-on-the-nose-can-knock-a-person-unconscious-how-do-fighters-mma
3759.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember Bed Bugs being a myth?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_bug
3759.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember the kid and mom being white in A Loaf Of Bread instead of black?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C782-Xf4NPk
Add-On: Do you remember the T in the subtext of Laffy Taffy not having the left side cut off?
http://www.candywarehouse.com/assets/item/regulastrawberry-laffy-taffy-130816-ic.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember Lex Luther instead of Lex Luthor?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor
3760.(Famous Sheriff name change.)Joe Arapaio/Joe Arpaio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Arpaio
Add-On: Do you remember The Silence Of The Lambs line being "Well, Clarice." and then "Good morning." instead of "Morning."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QU8jKn7sMwU
3761.(Famous Actor name change.)James Masters/James Marsters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marsters
3762.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember only certain states having fireflies?(Were they easily seen?)(Did certain states not have them?)
https://www.quora.com/In-which-parts-of-the-US-can-lightning-bugs-fireflies-lampyridae-be-found-and-what-kinds-of-conditions-do-they-live-in
3763.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember certain fish not having lungs?
http://www.popsci.com/living-fossil-fish-has-lungs
3764.(Music Lyrics change.)"A-wop-bop-a-loo-bop-a-wop-bam-boom."/"A-wop-bop-a-loo-bop-a-wop-bam-boo."/"A-wop-bop-a-loo-bop-a-wop-bom-bom."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVWm9PQeYtE
3765.(Can't think of a title.)Does any of this footage of Tupac and Biggie Smalls seem off to you?(Have you never seen it before?)(Any songs, verses, or duets you've never seen before?)(Videos below.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnf11LhJqts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCPSlMHP4ts
3766.(Can't think of a title.)Does any of this footage of WW1, WW2 or the Civil War seem off to you?(Have you never seen it before?)(Anything new?)(New photos?)(Not in color?)(Videos below.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qm2d79wp138
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDBscdrk2D4
3767.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember CDs not being around as long as they have been now?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc
3768.(Can't think of a title.)Does any of this footage of the Titanic look off to you?(Have you never seen it before?)(Anything new?)(Video below.)(Anything else new?)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wTzR1b9Z7k
3769.(New species.)Have you heard of the Diane's Bare-Hearted Glass Frog?(Was Hearted a word?)
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150421-glass-frog-kermit-discovery-animals-science-costa-rica/
3770.(New species.)Have you heard of the Tardigrade?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade
3771.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember certain Notorious B.I.G. songs having different lyrics?(Eric B?)(Rakim?)(Different song titles?)(Video below.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7OC4BFkzm4
3772.(Tape name change.)Maxwell/Maxell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Maxell
3773.(History change.)Do you remember millions dying during the Spanish Inquisition?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition
3774.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember Hercules not being bisexual?
http://www.cbr.com/why-bisexual-hercules-matters-to-me/
3775.(New species.)Have you heard of the Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%E2%80%93polar_bear_hybrid
3776.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Idahoan being connected?
http://idahoan.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/our-story-logo.png
3777.(Product Logo change.)Do you remember the Fs in Tuff Stuff being connected?(Anything else off?)(Was it tough?)
https://i5.walmartimages.com/ase623b164-b923-4b5b-9d0f-1769a790e626_1.d308285cf731750e0bbc8e875ced35cf.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
3778.(Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Eureka Suction Seal Technology being connected?
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/EQGOXJtuxZM/maxresdefault.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the D in Under Armour being normal?(Was the E normal?)(Were the Rs normal?)(Was the A normal?)
https://www.sportsshoes.com/media/image/department/under-armoubrand-banner.png
3779.(Yogurt Logo change.)Do you remember the H not having a line coming off the left in Chobani?(Did the B?)(Did the A?)
https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/826948052099362816/jdBWfmrI.jpg
3780.(Yogurt Logo change.)Do you remember the O in YoCrunch being normal?(Was the Y different?)(Were the Es in the subtext not slanted?)(Anything else off?)
https://www.theeasymarket.com/image/cache/data/0004667500010-500x500.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the Y in Yoplait being different in Yoplait?(Any of the other logos look off?)(Anything else off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Yoplait
Add-On: Do you remember the A and L in Olay not being connected?(Did the A have a closed line?)(Do any of the other logos look off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Olay
3781.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember & overlapping the second M in M&M's?
http://www.mms.com/Resources/img/products/choc-baprd.png
Add-On: Do you remember the A in Wikipedia being as big as the W?
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wikipedia-logo-v2-es.svg/1200px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-es.svg.png
3782.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember eggshell being a color instead of a sheen?
http://www.roddapaint.com/professionals/colocolor-info/sheen-gloss-info
3783.(Product Logo change.)Does the dot in the I in Daylogic look off to you?
https://daylogic.s3.amazonaws.com/images/mast_head.svg
3784.(Floor Finish Logo change.)Does the K in Quick Shine look off to you?(Does the Q look off?)
https://i5.walmartimages.com/asc4726c47-2952-4243-8b20-75053a7a8614_1.430b0cca78d5e2277659e4716ba26722.png?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
3785.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the T in Armitron not having the left side cut off?(Do any of the other letters look off?)
http://freevector.co/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/armitron.png
Add-On: Do you remember crickets only chirping at night?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPC5xWLRtPA
3786.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember hibiscus plants only being able to grow in tropical areas?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPC5xWLRtPA
3787.(Company name change.)Physician's Formula/Physicians Formula
https://www.physiciansformula.com/
3788.(Restaurant name change.)The Waffle House/Waffle House
https://www.wafflehouse.com/
3789.(Website Logo change.)Does the I in Indeed look off to you?
http://www.gardendalelibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/indeed-logo.jpg
3790.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember the S in Photoshop being uppercase instead of lowercase?
https://helpx.adobe.com/content/dam/help/mnemonics/ps_cc_app_RGB.svg
Add-On: Do you remember the letters in Coast To Coast AM being connected?
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ToANqBkTOj8/VLm_m8k_k-I/AAAAAAAATtY/n9bjdLEJc4k/s1600/coast1.png
3791.(Gum Logo change.)Do you remember the I in Big Red having a dot?(Do any of the other letters look off?)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Red_(gum)
Add-On: Do you remember the As in Armor All having closed lines?(Did the Rs have a closed line?)(Did the R and A in Tire Foam have closed lines?)(Anything else off?)
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0dRFhxSO2wg/maxresdefault.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the Es in Dentyne having closed lines?(Were the Es in some subtexts not slanted?)(Anything else off?)
http://www.dentyne.com/img/products/fire-cinnamon.png
3792.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the T in VTech not having the left side cut off?(Anything else off?)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/57/VTech_logo.jpg
3793.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the P in PNY having a closed line?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNY_Technologies
Add-On: Do you remember the letters in Pictures in DreamWorks Pictures being connected?
http://dreamworkspictures.com/sites/all/themes/dw_theme/logo.png
3794.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Armani being connected?(Anything else off?)
http://www.armani.com/us
3795.(Cologne Logo change.)Do you remember the H and E in Usher being connected?(Does the R look off?)(Anything else off?)
https://5.static.fragrancenet.com/images/photos/900x900/153690.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember any of the other Planters logos being different?(Did the A have a closed line in some of the logos?)(Anything else off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Planters
3796.(Shoe Logo change.)Do you remember the star in Converse being on the outside of the ankle on the shoe instead of the inside?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyF51WvJKoc
Add-On: Do you remember the Energizer bunny wearing the battery on his back instead of his thigh?(Was it a different place?)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Energizer_Bunny.png/230px-Energizer_Bunny.png
3797.(Music Lyrics change.)"Creatures crawl in search of blood, to terrorize your neighborhood."/"Creatures crawl in search of blood, to terrorize y'all's neighborhood."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOnqjkJTMaA
3798.(Phantom product.)Do you remember Hulk Hogan not having his own vitamin brand?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbLQMjcSnE8
Add-On: Do you remember the letters in Raiders being connected?
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/07/e2/d4/07e2d4ad8d3dd52379e975adc5233cd7--raiders-football-raiders-baby.jpg
3799.(Vodka Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Skyy being connected?(Anything else off?)(Was the K in Vodka normal?)
https://cdn.liquor.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/08125308/skyy-vodka.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember Hot Pocket instead of Hot Pockets?(Was it Lean Pocket instead of Lean Pockets?)(Anything else off?)
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rQR63Hi21Po/URQ48w8wv_I/AAAAAAAA8KQ/6LdvVkescDw/s1600/Hot+Pockets+giveaway.png
3800.(Water Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Arrowhead being connected?(Do any of the letters look off?)
https://michellecalkinsrealtor.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/arrowhead-mountain-spring-water-profile.jpg
3801.(Product Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Gravy Train being connected?
http://www.gravytraindog.com/sites/gravytraindog/files/product_images/GT_Lbl_BeefChunks_WEB3D.png
3802.(Laundry Detergent Logo change.)Do you remember the T in Dreft not having the left side cut off?(Did the F not have the left side cut off?)(Do any of the other letters look off?)
https://target.scene7.com/is/image/Target/13508339?wid=520&hei=520&fmt=pjpeg
3803.(Champagne Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Korbel being connected?
https://www.wine.com/labels/1607h.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember the W and H in Whole Foods being connected?(Anything else off?)
http://marlboroughedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/whole-foods-moves-hq-to-marlborough.jpg
3804.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the T in North American not having the left side cut off?(Were the A and M not connected?)
https://www.filepicker.io/api/file/9e28hWYqSqs1hGbOVO4C
3805.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the K and U in Roku being connected?
https://www.roku.com/roku-tv
3806.(Medicine Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Theraflu being connected?
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71lzrah6ioL._SY355_.jpg
Add-On: Do you remember any of the other Nickelodeon logos being different?(Do the Es look off?)(Do the Os look off?)(Anything else off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Nickelodeon
3807.(T.V. Channel Logo change.)Do you remember the T, N and T being connected in some of the TNT logos?
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/TNT_(United_States)
3808.(T.V. Channel Logo change.)Do any of the Syfy logos look off to you?(Does the F look off?)(Anything else off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Syfy
3809.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Maxwell House being connected?(Do any of the other logos look off?)(Do any of the letters look off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Maxwell_House
Add-On: Do you remember any of the other Pizza Hut logos being different?(Were the letters not connected?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Pizza_Hut
3810.(Company Logo change.)Do any of the Disney logos look off to you?(Do any of the other Disney related logos look off to you?)(Were certain letters different?)(Anything else off?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures/Other
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Disney_Channel
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures/Closing_Variants
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures/Trailer_Variants
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios
3811.(Geography change.)The southern end of Sardinia has a round scoop out of it now.(Corsica and Sardinia are also closer now.)
http://ontheworldmap.com/italy/region/sardinia/map-of-sardinia-with-cities-and-towns.jpg
3812.(Geography change.)The east coast of Corsica looks less smooth and more jagged now.
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/europe/france/corsica/map_of_corsica.jpg
3813.(Can't think of a title.)Do you remember lobsters being able to be blue?(Black, yellow, orange?)
http://abc27.com/2017/09/04/yellow-lobster-joins-boston-aquariums-colorful-collection/?utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook_ABC27_News
3814.(Airline name change.)Alaskan Airlines/Alaska Airlines(Do any of the logos look off to you?)
http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/Alaska_Airlines
3815.(Pronunciation change.)Do you remember Givenchy being pronounced differently?(Hermès, Yves Saint Laurent, Moët Et Chandon, Porsche, Nike, or Nikes?)
https://www.theguardian.com/media/shortcuts/2014/jun/03/nike-how-to-pronounce-correctly-brand-names-audi-adidas-porsche-yvessaintlaurent
Add-On: Do you remember the R in Scrubbing Bubbles being normal?(Anything else off?)
http://vignette1.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/9/9b/Scrubbing-Bubbles-Logo.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20130322080056
3816.(Floor Cleaner Logo change.)Do you remember the Es in Pledge not being slanted?(Anything else off?)
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as1e259620-dc03-498a-be0c-8c0f7bb069f8_1.45f2ff76d6487356f927e617e7eb8fe6.jpeg
Add-On: Do you remember the letters in Febreze Unstopables being connected?(Were the letters normal?)(Was it Unstoppables?)(Anything else off?)(Was Unstoppables and Stoppables words?)
https://i5.walmartimages.com/as5e898dda-fc03-41f0-863f-f4633da4874e_1.26a521d5975fe2f4dcf3f7238146f5e8.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
3817.(Dog Treat Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Pup-Peroni overlapping?(Was the E not slanted?)(Was it Pupperoni or Pup Peroni?)(Anything else off?)
https://i5.walmartimages.com/ascf1d0260-5398-4803-9a00-89d8fdc12ad9_1.5aa561ce41913e35d89a69e2bff492e5.jpeg?odnHeight=450&odnWidth=450&odnBg=FFFFFF
3818.(Product Logo change.)Does the dot in the I in Blue Buffalo Blue Bits look off to you?(Anything else off?)
https://s7d1.scene7.com/is/image/PETCO/2209449-center-1
3819.(Dog Treat Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Milo's Kitchen being connected?(Do any of the letters look off?)(Do the letters in the subtext look off?)
http://www.foodsafetynews.com/files/2013/01/miloschicken.jpg
3820.(Dog Treat Logo change.)Do you remember the E in Nudges not being slanted?(Do any of the other letters look off?)
http://www.sugarthegoldenretriever.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Nudges_logo.jpg
3821.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the letters in Newman's Own being connected?(Anything else off?)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman%27s_Own
3822.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the O having a triangle in it in Taylor?(Did the R have a closed line?)(Anything else off?)
http://www.missionmakeover.tv/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/Taylor-logo.jpg
3823.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the F in T-Fal not having the left side cut off?(Do any of the other letters look off?)
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/15/aplusautomation/vendorimages/04cb21d1-07f4-48b1-8126-d3e623f64292.jpg._CB522604240_.jpg
3824.(Company Logo change.)Do you remember the O in Instant Pot being normal?(Do any of the other letters look off?)
https://gooboli.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Instant-Pot-Logo-black-with-shadown-hi-res.png

http://www.candyusa.com/story-of-chocolate/
Chocolate History Timeline
2000 BC, Amazon: Cocoa, from which chocolate is created, is said to have originated in the Amazon at least 4,000 years ago.
Sixth Century AD: Chocolate, derived from the seed of the cocoa tree, was used by the Maya Culture, as early as the Sixth Century AD. Maya called the cocoa tree cacahuaquchtl… "tree," and the word chocolate comes from the Maya word xocoatl which means bitter water.
300 AD, Maya Culture: To the Mayas, cocoa pods symbolized life and fertility... nothing could be more important! Stones from their palaces and temples revealed many carved pictures of cocoa pods.
600 AD, Maya Culture: Moving from Central America to the northern portions of South America, the Mayan territory stretched from the Yucatán Peninsula to the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. In the Yucatán, the Mayas cultivated the earliest know cocoa plantations. The cocoa pod was often represented in religious rituals, and the texts their literature refer to cocoa as the god’s food.
Chocolate has impacted the ways in which some humans worshiped, and expressed their values
1200, Aztec Culture: The Aztecs attributed the creation of the cocoa plant to their god Quetzalcoatl who, descended from heaven on a beam of a morning star carrying a cocoa tree stolen from paradise. In both the Mayan and Aztec cultures cocoa was the basis for a thick, cold, unsweetened drink called xocoatl… believed to be a health elixir. Since sugar was unknown to the Aztecs, different spices were used to add flavor, even hot chili peppers and corn meal were used! Aztecs believed that wisdom and power came from eating the fruit of the cocoa tree, and also that it had nourishing, fortifying, and even aphrodisiac qualities. The Aztec emperor, Montezuma, drank thick chocolate dyed red. The drink was so prestigious that it was served in golden goblets that were thrown away after only one use. He liked it so much that he was purported to drink 50 goblets every day!
The cocoa beans were used for currency… records show that 400 cocoa beans equaled one Zontli, while 8000 beans equaled one Xiquipilli. When the Aztecs conquered tribes, they demanded their payment in cocoa! By subjugating the Chimimeken and the Mayas, the Aztecs strengthened their supremacy in Mexico. Records dating from 1200 show details of cocoa deliveries, imposed on all conquered tribes.
1492, Columbus Returns in Triumph From America: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were presented with many strange and wonderful things… the few dark brown beans that looked like almonds didn’t get a lot of attention.
1502, Columbus landed in Nicaragua: On his fourth voyage to America, Columbus landed in what is now called Nicaragua. He was the first European to discover cocoa beans being used as currency, and to make a drink, as in the Aztec culture. Columbus, who was still searching for the route to India, still did not see the potential cocoa market that had fallen into his lap.
1513, A Slave is Bought for Beans: Hernando de Oviedo y Valdez, who went to America in 1513 as a member of Pedrarias Avila's expedition, reports that he bought a slave for 100 cocoa beans. According to Hernando de Oviedo y Valdez, 10 cocoa beans bought the services of a prostitute, and 4 cocoa beans got you a rabbit for dinner.
At this time, the name of the drink changed to Chocolatl from the Mayan word xocoatl [chocolate] and the Aztec word for water, or warm liquid.
1519, Hernan Cortez Begin a Plantation: Hernan Cortez, who conquered part of Mexico in 1519, had a vision of converting these beans to golden doubloons. While he was fascinated with Aztec's bitter, spicy beverage [he didn’t like the cocoa drink], he was much intrigued by the beans’ value as currency. Later, Cortez established a cocoa plantation in the name of Spain… henceforth, "money" will be cultivated! It was the birth of what was to be a very profitable business.
Chocolate affected many cultures and traditions, and even…international economics!
1528, Chocolate Arrives in Spain: Cortès presented the Spanish King, Charles V with cocoa beans from the New World and the necessary tools for its preparation. And no doubt Cortès taught him how to make Chocolatl.
Cortez Inspires a Major Breakthrough: Cortez postulated that if this bitter beverage were blended with sugar, it could become quite a delicacy. The Spaniards mixed the beans with sugar, vanilla, nutmeg, cloves, allspice, and cinnamon. The results were tantalizing, coveted, fashionable, and reserved or the Spanish nobility which created a demand for the fruits of his Spanish plantations. Chocolate was a secret that Spain managed to keep from the rest of the world for almost 100 years!
It is no secret that Chocolate has enjoyed a reputation as an aphrodisiac ever since Conquistadores first became aware of the "pagan" ways of the Aztecs [who regarded chocolate as a medicine, but probably not as an aphrodisiac.]
1544, Dominican Friars Get into the Swing: Dominican friars bring a delegation of Mayans to meet Philip. Spanish monks, who had been consigned to process the cocoa beans, finally let the secret out. It did not take long before chocolate was acclaimed throughout Europe as a delicious, health-giving food.
The beans were still used as currency. Two hundred beans bought a turkey cock. One hundred beans was the daily wage of porter, and would buy a hen turkey or a rabbit (the price has really escalated in 30 years! Three beans could be traded for a turkey egg, a new avocado, or a fish wrapped in maize husks. One bean bought a ripe avocado, tomato, or a tamale.
1569, The Roman Church Takes a Serious Look at Chocolate: Pope Pius V, who did not like chocolate, declared that drinking chocolate on Friday did not break The Fast.
1579, English Buccaneers Burn Currency: After taking a Spanish ship loaded with cocoa beans, English Buccaneers set it on fire thinking the beans were sheep dung.
1585, Chocolate Goes to Market: The first shipment of beans intended for the market makes it to Spain.
1587, Another Ship Goes Down: When the British captured a Spanish vessel loaded with cocoa beans, the cargo was destroyed as useless.
1609, Chocolate is Lauded in Literature: The first book devoted entirely to chocolate, "Libro en el cual se trata del chocolate," came from Mexico.
1615, Chocolate Comes With the Dowery: Ann of Austria, daughter of Philip II from Spain, introduced the beverage to her new husband, Louis the XIII, and his French court, too.
1625, Cocoa Beans are Currency in Spain too: 200 small cocoa beans were valued at 1 Spanish real, or 4 cents.
1643, The French Court Embraces Chocolate: When the Spanish Princess Maria Theresa was betrothed to Louis XIV of France, she gave her fiancé an engagement gift of chocolate, packaged in an elegantly ornate chest.
Chocolate was extremely popular with Louis XIV and the members of his Court at Versailles. Louis XIV, The Sun King, reigned for over 74 years [1643 to 1715] and is considered to be one of the greatest absolute monarchs. His foresight lead him to appoint Sieur David Illou to manufacture and sell chocolate, which not only created a new income stream, but also it is said to have inspired erotic pleasures. It was well known that in Louis’ 72nd year he was making love to his wife twice a day… Chocolate?
Chocolate Mania in Paris: The chocolate craze which now included candy took hold in Paris and then conquered the rest of France.
Chocolate’s reputation as an aphrodisiac flourished in the French courts. Art and literature was thick with erotic imagery inspired by chocolate. And the Marquis de Sade, became proficient in using chocolate to disguise poisons! Casanova was reputed for using chocolate with champagne to seduce the ladies.
Madame de Pompadour was advised to use chocolate with ambergris to stimulate her desire for Louis XV… but to no avail. Madame du Barry, reputed to be nymphomaniacal, encouraged her lovers to drink chocolate in order to keep up with her.
1657, Even London Succumbs:London's first chocolate shop is opened by a Frenchman. London Chocolate Houses became the trendy meeting places where the elite London society savored their new luxury. The first chocolate house opened in London advertising "this excellent West India drink."
1662, Rome Takes Another Look: As chocolate became exceptionally fashionable,The Church of Rome took a second look at this bewitching beverage. The judgment: "Liquidum non frangit jejunum," reiterated that a chocolate drink did not break the fast. But eating chocolate confections didn’t pass muster, until Easter. Is this where the Easter Bunny makes an entrance?
1670, One Man Takes a Stand: Helmsman Pedro Bravo do los Camerinos decides that he has had enough of Christian voyages of exploration and settles in the Philippines, where he spends the rest of his life planting cocoa, thus laying the foundations for one of the great plantations of that time. 1671, All Troubles Have a Silver Lining:
Sometimes people just don’t see it…this time creativity prevailed! As the story goes, a bowlful of almonds is dropped, and the angry chef tries to "box the ears" of his kitchen boy… but instead he spills a pan full of hot, burnt sugar over the almonds. Meanwhile the renowned gourmet, Duke of Plesslis-Praslin, is waiting for his dessert!
His personal chef turns anger in to creative energy, and serves the Duke almonds coated of cooled burnt sugar. The Duke is not only delighted… he is also inspired to give his name to this nouveau sweet. Today we call this confection "praline," but there is no doubt of the origin!
1674, A Trendy Coffee House Takes Chocolate To New Horizons: An Avant Guard, London Coffee House called At the Coffee Mill and Tobacco Roll, goes down in the annals of history for serving chocolate in cakes, and also in rolls… in the Spanish style.
1677, Brazil Gets into The Market: By Royal Decree, November 1, 1677, Brazil [later to achieve an important position in the world market] establishes its first cocoa plantations in the State of Par .
1697, The mayor of Zurich, visits Brussels: Heinrich Escher, mayor of Zurich, drinks chocolate in Brussels and introduces the awe-inspiring concoction to his friends at home… nothing he has ever tasted is even slightly like this brew!
1704, The Germans Impose a Tax on Chocolate: Chocolate makes its appearance in Germany, and Frederick I of Prussia reacts by imposing a tax. Anyone wishing to pay homage to its pleasures has to pay two thalers for a permit.
1711, Chocolate Migrates to Vienna: Emperor Charles VI transfers his court from Madrid to Vienna and along with his Court, comes chocolate.
1720, Coffee Houses Propagate Trendy Chocolate: Italian Chocolatiers from Florence and Venus, now well versed in the art of making chocolate, are welcomed to France, Germany and Switzerland.
1730, Hand Methods of Manufacture Gave Way to Mass Production: The transition was hastened by the advent of a perfected steam engine, which mechanized the cocoa grinding process. By 1730, chocolate had dropped in price from three dollars or more per pound to within financial reach of all.
1747, Frederick III of Prussia forbids hawking: Especially the hawking of chocolate! In fact, Frederick prohibited chocolate in his realm. In where Chocolate flourished, It’s high price ensured that only the wealthy could indulge.
1755, America Discovers Chocolate: Diligently forging their concept of Democracy, Americans take time out to discover chocolate.
1765, First Chocolate Factory In the USA: The production of chocolate proceeded at a faster pace than anywhere else in the world. It was in pre-Revolutionary New England.
1780, Spain Was First: The first machine-made chocolate is produced in Barcelona.
1792, A Factory Opens in Berlin: In Germany, the Josty brothers from Grisons open a confectioner's shop and make a hit selling Swiss Chocolate… and they open a chocolate factory in Berlin.
1797, Don’t Leave Home Without Chocolate: AsJohann Wolfgang von Goethetours Switzerland, he insists on having Chocolate available at all times… and a chocolate pot.
1800, Chocolate is an Industry: Antoine Brutus Menier built the first industrial manufacturing facility for chocolate.
1810, Venezuela's Dominates the Industry: A survey shows that Venezuela produces half of the world's chocolate. And 1/3 is consumed by the Spaniards.
1819, The Swiss Invest in a Chocolate Factory: In a former mill near Vevey, Francois-Louis Cailler, who had learned the secrets of the chocolate trade in Italy founds his first factory. As cocoa plantations spread to the tropics in both hemispheres by the 19th century, the increased production lowered the price of the cocoa beans and chocolate became a popular and affordable beverage. Secret techniques in blending and roasting beans, traditional family recipes and creative interpretations, and innovative candy making techniques have been handed down from generation to generation.
1822, The Cocoa Tree becomes an Ornamental Plant: Off the west coast of Africa on the Principe Island in the Gulf of Guinea, Ferreira Gomes [from Portugal] introduces the cocoa tree as an ornamental plant.
1828, The Cocoa Press is Invented: The Press lead to reduced prices and helped to improve the quality of the beverage by squeezing out part of the cocoa butter. Drinking chocolate had a smooth consistency and a more pleasing taste.
1830, The Drink Became a Confection: Solid eating chocolate was developed by J. S. Fry and Sons, a British chocolate maker.
1847, An English Company Introduced Fondant Chocolate: This smooth and velvety chocolate almost completely replaced the old coarse grained chocolate.
1849, Cadbury Brothers Exhibited Chocolate: The exhibition was at Bingley Hall at Birmingham, England.
1851, Marks a First for Americans: Queen Victoria’s husband, Prince Albert orchestrated The Exposition in London. It was the first time citizens of the United States were introduced to bonbons, chocolate creams, hard candies (called "boiled sweets"), and caramels.
1853, Heavy Import Duties Are Reduced: Once English duties made Chocolate a luxury for the wealthy, now the doors were open, allowing a number of cocoa and drinking chocolate manufacturers to get into the business.
1857, Ghana Develops into an Important Producer: A Portuguese Baron of Agua Iz, takes the cultivation of cocoa from Principe Island to a neighboring island, Sao Thome, and then to the African continent. Members of the Basle Mission in Ghana encourage the growth of this emerging crop, and small to medium farmers turn Ghana into one of the most important producers.
1875, Milk Chocolate Comes of Age: After eight years of experimentation, Daniel Peter from Switzerland puts the first milk chocolate on the market.
1879, Chocolate Literally Melts in Your Mouth: Rodolphe Lindt of Berne, Switzerland, invented "conching", a means of heating and rolling chocolate to refine it. After chocolate has been conched for 72 hours and has more cocoa butter added to it, chocolate becomes "fondant" and it melts in your mouth!
1900, Switzerland Takes the Leadership Role: Spain, where chocolate was first introduced to Europeans, falls far behind. Germany consumes the most per head, followed by the United States, France and Great Britain.
1910, The Swiss Reputation for Wonderful Chocolate is Undisputed: Bolstered by an unbroken series of medals at international exhibitions, Swiss Chocolate, like bratwurst, rosti and fondue, is elevated to a national dish.
1913, A new Star is Born: Jules Sechaud of Montreux of Switzerland introduced the process for filling chocolates.
Chocolate making is an important part of European Cultures… the Swiss, Belgians, French, Italians and Germans and now, American Chocolatiers are also making their mark
1923, The CMA was Established: The Chocolate Manufacturers Association of the United States of America (CMA) was organized in.
1925, Cocoa is Big Business: The New York Cocoa Exchange, located at the World Trade Center, was begun so that buyers and sellers could get together for transactions.
1938, World War II: The U.S. government recognized chocolate's role in the Allied Armed Forces. It allocated valuable shipping space for the importation of cocoa beans which would give many weary soldiers the strength to carry. Today, the U.S. Army D-rations include three 4-ounce chocolate bars. Chocolate has even been taken into space as part of the diet of U.S. astronauts.
http://www.chocolatemonthclub.com/chocolate-history.htm
Is the world running out of chocolate?
http://www.blisstree.com/2014/11/17/food/world-running-out-of-chocolate/
Maybe not extinction, but . .
2013 "Chocolate experts from around the world gathered for a conference at the British Library in London on October 2. Members of the group were quoted as saying that growing demand could suck all the cocoa out of the world in seven years.
Journalists covering the event did some quick math in their heads, and published an expiration date.
“What they didn’t say is we will run out if we don’t do anything,” said Angus Kennedy, a conference organizer and confection expert who bills himself as the real-life Willie Wonka. “They just said we’re going to run out. It’s extremely unlikely.”
Agriculture markets are plastic. While there are serious shortages on the horizon, this also means higher prices, which ends up making production more attractive.
Global Chocoholism
Despite the market’s flexibility, there is still some cause for alarm.
Demand is set to skyrocket over the next few years, according to Euromonitor International. The biz intel agency projects that chocolate consumption will grow in South America 60 percent by 2017, and in Asia by 55 percent over the same period. In Europe, only a 14 percent increase is expected, and in the U.S., interestingly, the prediction is for zero growth."
http://indianapublicmedia.org/eartheats/chocolate-disappear-2020/